 | ||
In mechanics, the normal force
Contents
Equations
In a simple case such as an object resting upon a table, the normal force on the object is equal but in opposite direction to the gravitational force applied on the object (or the weight of the object), that is,
Where an object rests on an incline, the normal force is perpendicular to the plane the object rests on. Still, the normal force will be as large as necessary to prevent sinking through the surface, presuming the surface is sturdy enough. The strength of the force can be calculated as:
where N is the normal force, m is the mass of the object, g is the gravitational field strength, and θ is the angle of the inclined surface measured from the horizontal.
The normal force is one of several forces which act on the object. In the simple situations so far considered, the most important other forces acting on it are friction and the force of gravity.
Using vectors
In general, the magnitude of the normal force, N, is the projection of the net surface interaction force, T, in the normal direction, n, and so the normal force vector can be found by scaling the normal direction by the net surface interaction force. The surface interaction force, in turn, is equal to the dot product of the unit normal with the Cauchy stress tensor describing the stress state of the surface. That is,
Or, in indicial notation,
The parallel shear component of the contact force is known as the frictional force (
The static coefficient of friction for an object on an inclined plane can be calculated as follows:
for an object on the point of sliding where
Physical origin
As explained before, the normal force is a contact force, that is, the resultant of the forces between the constituents of the actual constraint, and the constituents of the object. When the object and the constraint (a wall, a table, another object, or any surface) are pressed against each other, the van der Waals force, a force that grows very large very quickly, opposes this and for this reason the two objects cannot penetrate each other. If the two objects are then separated, even by a very small distance, the normal force disappears. This is because the intermolecular force quickly vanishes past the point of equilibrium.
Real-world applications
For a person standing in an elevator either stationary or moving at constant velocity, the normal force on the person's feet balances the person's weight. In an elevator that is accelerating upward, the normal force is greater than the person's ground weight and so the person's perceived weight increases (making the person feel heavier). In an elevator that is accelerating downward, the normal force is less than the person's ground weight and so a passenger's perceived weight decreases. If a passenger were to stand on a "weighing scale", such as a conventional bathroom scale, while riding the elevator, the scale will be reading the normal force it delivers to the passenger's feet, and will be different than the person's ground weight if the elevator cab is accelerating up or down. The weighing scale measures normal force (which varies as the elevator cab accelerates), not gravitational force (which does not vary as the cab accelerates). It is impossible to measure true gravitational force without knowledge of the motion of one's immediate environment.
When we define upward to be the positive direction, constructing Newton's second law and solving for the normal force on a passenger yields the following equation: