Developer Bell Labs Platforms PDP-11,3B20D,3B21D | Written in C | |
OS family Real-time operating systems Working state UNIX-RTR/3B21D version still in use. Marketing target Real-time computing applications | ||
Multi-Environment Real-Time (MERT) was a hybrid time-sharing/real-time operating system developed in the 1970s at Bell Labs for use in embedded minicomputers (in particular PDP-11s). It was later renamed UNIX Real-Time (UNIX-RT). A version called Duplex Multi Environment Real Time (DMERT) was the operating system for the AT&T 3B20D telephone switching minicomputer, designed for high availability; DMERT was later renamed Unix RTR (Real-Time Reliable).
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A "generalization" of Bell Labs' time-sharing operating system Unix, MERT featured a redesigned, modular kernel that was able to run Unix programs as well as privileged real-time processes. These processes' data structures were isolated from other processes with message passing being the preferred form of interprocess communication (IPC), although shared memory was also implemented. MERT also sported a custom filesystem with special support for large, contiguous, statically sized files, as used in real-time database applications. The design of MERT was influenced by Dijkstra's THE, Hansen's Monitor and IBM's CP-67.
The MERT operating system was a four-layer design, in decreasing order of protection:
The standard supervisor was MERT/UNIX, a Unix emulator with an extended system call interface and shell that enabled the use of MERT's custom IPC mechanisms, although an RSX-11 emulator also existed. 3
Kernel and non-kernel processes
One interesting bit that DMERT/UNIX-RTR introduced was the notion of "kernel" processes. This definitely is a tie-in with its microkernelish architecture roots. In fact, there is a separate command (/bin/kpkill) rather than (/bin/kill), that is used to send signals to kernel processes. It is likely there are two different system calls as well (kill(2) and kpkill(2), the first for killing user processes and the second is kernel process kill). It is unknown how much of the normal userland "signaling" mechanism is in place in /bin/kpkill, assuming there is a system call for it, it is not known if one can send various signals or simply send one. Also unknown is whether the kernel process has a way of catching the signals that are delivered to it. It may be that the UNIX-RTR developers implemented an entire signal and messaging API for kernel processes.
Filesystem bits
If one has root on a UNIX-RTR system, they will surely soon find that their 'ls -l' output is a bit different than expected. Namely, there are two completely new bits in the "drwxr-xr-x" field. They both take place in the first column, and are 'C' (contiguous) and 'x' (eXtents). Both of these have to do with contiguous data, however one may be to do with inodes and the other with non-metadata.
Example ls -l (which does not include group names, as ls -l did not used to print them).
drwxr-xr-x root 64 Sun Dec 4 2003 /cft xrwxr-xr-x root 64 Mon Dec 11 2013 /no5text Crwxr-xr-x root 256 Tue Dec 12 2014 /no5dataLucent emulator and VCDX
AT&T, then Lucent, and now Alcatel-Lucent, are the vendor of the SPARC-based and Solaris-OEM package ATT3bem (which lives on Solaris SPARC in /opt/ATT3bem). This is a full 3B21D emulator (known as the 3B21E, the system behind the Very Compact Digital eXchange, or VCDX) which is meant to provide a production environment to the Administrative Module (AM) portion of the 5ESS switch. There are parts of the 5ESS that are not part of the 3B21D microcomputer at all: SMs and CMs. Under the emulator the workstation is referred to as the 'AW' (Administrative Workstation). The emulator installs with Solaris 2.6/SPARC and also comes with Solstice X.25 9.1 (SUNWconn), formerly known as SunLink X.25. The reason for packaging the X.25 stack with the 3B21D emulator is because the Bell System, regional Bell operating companies, and ILECs still use X.25 networks for their most critical of systems (telephone switches may live on X.25 or Datakit VCS II, a similar network developed at Bell Labs), but they do not have TCP/IP stacks).
The AT&T/Alcatel-Lucent emulator is not an easy program to get working correctly, even if one manages to have an image from a pulled working 5ESS hard disk 'dd' output file. First, there are quite a few bugs the user must navigate around in the installation process. Once this is done, there is a configuration file which connects peripherals to emulated peripherals. But there is scant documentation on the CD which describes this. The name of this file is em_devmap for SS5s, and em_devmap.ultra for Ultra60s.
In addition, one of the bugs mentioned in the install process is a broken script to fdisk and image hard disks correctly: certain things need to be written to certain offsets, because the /opt/ATT3bem/bin/3bem process expects, or seems to need, these hard-coded locations.
The emulator runs on SPARCstation-5s and UltraSPARC-60s. It is likely that the 3B21D is emulated faster on a modern SPARC than a 3B21D microcomputer's processor actually runs as measured in MIPS. The most difficult thing about having the emulator is acquiring a DMERT/UNIX-RTR hdd image to actually run. The operating system for the 5ESS is restricted to a few people, employees and customers of the vendor, who either work on it or write the code for it. Having an image of a running system, which can be obtained on eBay, pulled from a working 3B21D, and imaged to a file or put into an Ultra60 or SPARCstation-5, provides the resources to attempt to run the UNIX-RTR system.
The uname -a output of the Bourne shell running UNIX-RTR (Real-time Reliable) is:
# uname -a <3B21D> <3B21D>Though on 3B20D systems it will print 20 instead of 21, though 3B20Ds are rare, nowadays most non-VCDX 5ESSs are 3B21D hardware, not 3B20D (although they will run the software fine). The 3B20D uses the WE32000 processor while the 21 uses the WE32100. There may be some other differences, as well. One thing unusual about the processor is the direction the stack grows: up.
Manual page for falloc (which may be responsible for Contiguous or eXtent file space allocation:
FALLOC(1) 5ESS UNIX FALLOC(1) NAME falloc - allocate a contiguous file SYNOPSIS falloc filename size DESCRIPTION A contiguous file of the specified filename is allocated to be of 'size' (512 byte) blocks. DIAGNOSTICS The command complains a needed directory is not searchable, the final directory is not writable, the file already exists or there is not enough space for the file.UNIX-RTR includes an atomic file swap command (atomsw, manual page below):
ATOMSW(1) 5ESS UNIX ATOMSW(1) NAME atomsw - Atomic switch files SYNOPSIS atomsw file1 file2 DESCRIPTION Atomic switch of two files. The contents, permissions, and owners of two files are switched in a single operation. In case of a system fault during the operation of this command, file2 will either have its original contents, permissions and owner, or will have file1's contents, permissions and owner. Thus, file2 is considered precious. File1 may be truncated in case of a system fault. RESTRICTIONS Both files must exist. Both files must reside on the same file system. Neither file may be a "special device" (for example, a TTY port). To enter this command from the craft shell, switching file "/tmp/abc" with file "/tmp/xyz", enter for MML: EXC:ENVIR:UPROC,FN="/bin/atomsw",ARGS="/tmp/abc"-"/tmp/xyz"; For PDS enter: EXC:ENVIR:UPROC,FN"/bin/atomsw",ARGS("/tmp/abc","/tmp/xyz")! NOTE File 1 may be lost during a system fault. FILES /bin/atomsw