Formerly (as the name implies) responsible for the queen's clothes and jewelry, the post now has the responsibility for arranging the rota of attendance of the ladies-in-waiting on the queen, along with various duties at state ceremonies.
In modern times, the Mistress of the Robes is almost always a duchess.
During the 17th and 18th centuries role often overlapped with or was retitled as First Lady of the Bedchamber.
In the past, whenever the queen was a queen regnant rather than a queen consort, the Mistress of the Robes was a political appointment, changing with the government. However, this has not been the case since the death of Queen Victoria in 1901, and Queen Elizabeth II has only had two Mistresses of the Robes in more than sixty years' reign. Queens dowager have their own Mistresses of the Robes, and in the 18th century Princesses of Wales had one too.
1553–1558: Susan Clarencieux
1559/1562–1603: Dorothy, Lady Stafford
1603–1619: Audrey (Etheldreda), Lady Walsingham
1704–1710: Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough
1710–1714: Elizabeth Seymour, Duchess of Somerset
1714–1717: Diana Beauclerk, Duchess of St Albans
1717–1723: Vacant?
1723–1731: Elizabeth Sackville, Duchess of Dorset
1731–1735: Henrietta Howard, Countess of Suffolk (Dowager Countess of Suffolk from 1733)
1735–1737: Vacant
1736–1745: Lady Archibald Hamilton
1745–1747: Vacant
1747–1763: Grace Sackville, Countess of Middlesex
1761–1793: Mary Bertie, Duchess of Ancaster and Kesteven (Dowager Duchess of Ancaster and Kesteven from 1778)
1793–1818: Elizabeth Thynne, Marchioness of Bath (Dowager Marchioness of Bath from 1796)
1795–1808: Anne Townshend, Marchioness Townshend
1808-1817: Catherine Douglas, Baroness Glenbervie
1830–1837: Catherine Osborne, Duchess of Leeds
1837–1841: Harriet Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, Duchess of Sutherland
1841–1846: Charlotte Montagu Douglas Scott, Duchess of Buccleuch and Queensberry
1846–1852: Harriet Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, Duchess of Sutherland
1852–1853: Anne Murray, Duchess of Atholl
1853–1858: Harriet Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, Duchess of Sutherland
1858–1859: Louisa Montagu, Duchess of Manchester
1859–1861: Harriet Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, Duchess of Sutherland
1861–1868: Elizabeth Wellesley, Duchess of Wellington
1868–1870: Elizabeth Campbell, Duchess of Argyll
1870–1874: Anne Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, Duchess of Sutherland
1874–1880: Elizabeth Wellesley, Duchess of Wellington
1880–1883: Elizabeth Russell, Duchess of Bedford
1883–1885: Anne Innes-Ker, Duchess of Roxburghe
1885–1886: Louisa Montagu Douglas Scott, Duchess of Buccleuch and Queensberry
1886: Vacant
Acting Mistress of the Robes: Elizabeth Russell, Duchess of Bedford
1886–1892: Louisa Montagu Douglas Scott, Duchess of Buccleuch and Queensberry
1892–1895: Vacant
Acting Mistress of the Robes: Anne Innes-Ker, Duchess of Roxburghe, and Anne Murray, Dowager Duchess of Atholl (jointly)
1894: Vacant
Acting Mistress of the Robes: Louisa McDonnell, Countess of Antrim
1895–1901: Louisa Montagu Douglas Scott, Duchess of Buccleuch and Queensberry
Mistress of the Robes to Alexandra of Denmark, 1901–1925
1901–1912: Louisa Montagu Douglas Scott, Duchess of Buccleuch and Queensberry
1913–1925: Winifred Cavendish-Bentinck, Duchess of Portland
1910–1916: Evelyn Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire
1916–1921: Eileen Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, Duchess of Sutherland
1921–1953: Evelyn Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire (Dowager Duchess of Devonshire from 1938)
1937–1964: Helen Percy, Duchess of Northumberland (Dowager Duchess of Northumberland from 1946)
1964–1990: Kathleen Hamilton, Duchess of Abercorn (Dowager Duchess of Abercorn from 1979)
1990–2002: Vacant
1953–1967: Mary Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire (Dowager Duchess of Devonshire from 1950)
1967–present: Fortune FitzRoy, Duchess of Grafton (Dowager Duchess of Grafton from 2011)