Miguel Miramón

Early life

Miramón was born in Mexico City into a family of partial French heritage. At the age of 15, he was made prisoner during the United States assault on Chapultepec Castle in the Mexican-American War. In his late teens and early twenties he rose through the army ranks rather quickly, becoming famous for his personal charisma, his competence as a soldier and his guerrilla tactics.

Early positions

He was a staunch conservative, a supporter of monarchy, aristocracy and religious privileges for the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church supported his military efforts, against the constitutional forces, with loans.

During the War of Reform he fought in the central lowlands on the side of a reactionary military junta, which had staged a coup d'état, in defiance of the Constitution of 1857. A series of presidents were appointed by the junta as factions within the junta vied for power. Miramón's faction eventually prevailed, and on 2 February 1860, not yet 30 years old, he assumed the presidency. However, neither he nor any of the other "presidents" of the junta was recognized by the constitutional forces led by President Benito Juárez, and they were not recognized by the United States, which appointed an ambassador to Juárez's government instead.

On 11 April 1859, Miramón earned the enmity of much of the populace for ordering the execution of not only the captured officers of the constitutional forces but also of the doctors who treated their wounds, and also numerous civilians who were deemed to have been too sympathetic with the constitutional armies which had just suffered a defeat in attempting to retake the capital from the junta now headed by Miramón. As a further result of the massacre, General Degollado of the constitutional army issued an order that officers of the anticonstitutional armies were to be shot upon capture.

Between 12 August and 15 August 1860, he left the presidency to an interim, José Ignacio Pavón. According to some sources, he also used the Mexico City police to raid the residence of the British consul (who was actively supporting the liberals) and steal 600,000 pesos to finance a conservative levy. He maintained the hostilities against the liberals until he was savagely defeated by the troops of Gen. Jesús González Ortega in San Juan del Río, Querétaro, on 22 December. Two days later, he resigned and fled to Europe.

Second Empire

While in France, he never took part in the negotiations between the Mexican monarchists, Napoleon III and the Archduke Maximilian of Austria. When he returned to Mexico, the archduke, now crowned as Emperor Maximilian of Mexico, appointed him as Great Marshal of the Imperial Army and sent him to Berlin to study military tactics. He returned in 1866 and organized the imperial defenses against the republicans.

On 19 February 1867, he arrived at Santiago de Querétaro to repel the siege against the emperor. He took charge of the infantry and sent General Tomás Mejía to take charge of the cavalry. Almost three months later, the emperor decided to capitulate against the advice of Miramón, who had been seriously wounded in action. On 19 June, all three were shot for treason on the order of President Benito Juárez, the republican leader. The execution took place at the Cerro de las Campanas, in the outskirts of Querétaro.