Mayo–Lewis equation

Equation derivation

Monomer 1 is consumed with reaction rate:

− d [ M 1 ] d t = k 11 [ M 1 ] ∑ [ M 1 ∗ ] + k 21 [ M 1 ] ∑ [ M 2 ∗ ]

with ∑ [ M x ∗ ] the concentration of all the active centers terminating in monomer 1 or 2.

Likewise the rate of disappearance for monomer 2 is:

− d [ M 2 ] d t = k 12 [ M 2 ] ∑ [ M 1 ∗ ] + k 22 [ M 2 ] ∑ [ M 2 ∗ ]

Division of both equations yields:

d [ M 1 ] d [ M 2 ] = [ M 1 ] [ M 2 ] ( k 11 ∑ [ M 1 ∗ ] ∑ [ M 2 ∗ ] + k 21 k 12 ∑ [ M 1 ∗ ] ∑ [ M 2 ∗ ] + k 22 )

The ratio of active center concentrations can be found assuming steady state with:

d ∑ [ M 1 ∗ ] d t = d ∑ [ M 2 ∗ ] d t ≈ 0

meaning that the concentration of active centres remains constant, the rate of formation for active center of monomer 1 is equal to the rate of their destruction or:

k 21 [ M 1 ] ∑ [ M 2 ∗ ] = k 12 [ M 2 ] ∑ [ M 1 ∗ ]

or

∑ [ M 1 ∗ ] ∑ [ M 2 ∗ ] = k 21 [ M 1 ] k 12 [ M 2 ]

Substituting into the ratio of monomer consumption rates eliminates the radical concentrations and yields the Mayo-Lewis equation.

Instantaneous form

It can often be useful to alter the copolymer equation by expressing concentration in terms of mole fractions. Mole fractions of monomers M 1 and M 2 in the feed are defined as f 1 and f 2 where

f 1 = 1 − f 2 = M 1 ( M 1 + M 2 )

Similarly, F represents the mole fraction of each monomer in the copolymer:

F 1 = 1 − F 2 = d M 1 d ( M 1 + M 2 )

These equations can be combined with the Mayo-Lewis Equation to give

F 1 = 1 − F 2 = r 1 f 1 2 + f 1 f 2 r 1 f 1 2 + 2 f 1 f 2 + r 2 f 2 2

This equation gives the instantaneous copolymer composition. It is important to note that the feed and copolymer compositions can change as polymerization proceeds.

Limiting cases

Reactivity ratios indicate preference for propagation. Large r indicates a tendency for M 1 ∗ to add M 1 , while small values indicate a tendency for M 1 ∗ to add M 2 . From the definition of reactivity ratios, several special cases can be derived:

An example case is maleic anhydride and styrene, with reactivity ratios:

Neither of these compounds homopolymerize and instead they react together to give almost exclusively alternating copolymer.

When both r < 1 , the system has an azeotrope, where feed and copolymer composition are the same.

Calculation of reactivity ratios

Calculation of reactivity ratios generally involves carrying out several polymerizations at varying monomer ratios. The copolymer composition can be analysed with methods such as Proton nuclear magnetic resonance, Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance, or Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The polymerizations are also carried out at low conversions, so monomer concentrations can be assumed to be constant. With all the other parameters in the copolymer equation known, r 1 and r 2 can be found.

Curve Fitting

One of the simplest methods for finding reactivity ratios is plotting the copolymer equation and using least squares analysis to find the r 1 , r 2 pair that gives the best fit curve.

Mayo-Lewis Method

The Mayo-Lewis method uses a form of the copolymer equation relating r 1 to r 2 :

r 2 = f 1 f 2 [ F 2 F 1 ( 1 + f 1 r 1 f 2 ) − 1 ]

For each different monomer composition, a line is generated using arbitrary r 1 values. The intersection of these lines is the r 1 , r 2 for the system. More frequently, the lines do not intersect and the area in which most line intersect can be given as a range of r 1 , and r 2 values.

Fineman-Ross Method

Fineman and Ross rearranged the copolymer equation into a linear form:

G = H r 1 − r 2

where G = f 1 ( 2 F 1 − 1 ) ( 1 − f 1 ) F 1 and H = [ f 1 2 ( 1 − F 1 ) ( 1 − f 1 ) 2 F 1 ] .

Thus, a plot of H versus G yields a straight line with slope r 1 and intercept − r 2

Kelen Tudos method

The Fineman-Ross method can be biased towards points at low or high monomer concentration, so Kelen and Tudos introduced and arbitrary constant,

α = ( H m i n H m a x ) 0.5

where H m i n and H m a x are the highest and lowest values of H from the Fineman-Ross method. The data can be plotted in a linear form

η = [ r 1 + r 2 α ] μ − r 2 α

where η = G / ( α + H ) and μ = H / ( α + H ) . Plotting η against μ yields a straight line that gives − r 2 / α when μ = 0 and r 1 when μ = 1 . This distributes the data more symmetrically and can yield better results.

Q-e scheme

A semi-empirical method for the determination of reactivity ratios is called the Q-e scheme. This involves using two parameters for each monomer, Q and e . The reaction of M 1 radical with M 2 monomer is written as

k 12 = P 1 Q 2 e x p ( − e 1 e 2 )

while the reaction of M 1 radical with M 1 monomer is written as

k 11 = P 1 Q 1 e x p ( − e 1 e 1 )

Where Q is the measure of reactivity of monomer via resonance stabilization, and e is the measure of polarity of monomer (molecule or radical) via the effect of functional groups on vinyl groups. Using these definitions, r 1 and r 2 can be found by the ratio of the terms. An advantage of this system is that reactivity ratios can be found using tabulated Q-e values of monomers regardless or what the monomer pair is in the system.