MAFK

Discovery

MafK was first cloned and identified in chicken in 1993 as a member of the small Maf (sMaf) genes. MafK was also identified as p18 NF-E2, a component of NF-E2 complex binding to a specific motif (NF-E2) in the regulatory regions of β-globin and other erythroid-related genes. MAFK has been identified in many vertebrates, including humans. There are three functionally redundant sMaf proteins in vertebrates, MafF, MafG, and MafK.

Structure

MafK has a bZIP structure that consists of a basic region for DNA binding and a leucine zipper structure for dimer formation. Similar to other sMafs, MafK lacks any canonical transcriptional activation domains.

Expression

MAFK is broadly but differentially expressed in various tissues. MAFK expression was detected in all 16 tissues examined by the human BodyMap Project, but relatively abundant in adipose, lung and skeletal muscle tissues. Mouse Mafk is regulated by different GATA factors in both hematopoietic and cardiac tissues. MAFK expression is influenced by TGF-β and Wnt signaling, and rat Mafk expression is influenced by NGF and AKT in neuronal cells.

Function

Because of sequence similarity, no functional differences have been observed among the sMafs in terms of their bZIP structures. sMafs form homodimers by themselves and heterodimers with other specific bZIP transcription factors, such as CNC (cap 'n' collar) proteins [p45 NF-E2 (NFE2), Nrf1 (NFE2L1), Nrf2 (NFE2L2), and Nrf3 (NFE2L3)] and Bach proteins (BACH1 and BACH2).

sMaf homodimers bind to a palindromic DNA sequence called the Maf recognition element (MARE: TGCTGACTCAGCA) and its related sequences. Structural analyses have demonstrated that the basic region of a Maf factor recognizes the flanking GC sequences. By contrast, CNC-sMaf or Bach-sMaf heterodimers preferentially bind to DNA sequences (RTGA(C/G)NNNGC: R=A or G) that are slightly different from MARE. The latter DNA sequences have been recognized as antioxidant/electrophile response elements or NF-E2-binding motifs to which Nrf2-sMaf heterodimers and p45 NF-E2-sMaf heterodimer bind, respectively. It has been proposed that the latter sequences should be classified as CNC-sMaf-binding elements (CsMBEs).

It has also been reported that sMafs form heterodimers with other bZIP transcription factors, such as c-Jun and c-Fos.

Target genes

sMafs regulate different target genes depending on their partners. For instance, the p45-NF-E2-sMaf heterodimer regulates genes responsible for platelet production. Although it has not been confirmed by mouse genetic studies, many studies suggest that p45-NFE2-sMaf heterodimer is involved in the regulation of β-globin and other erythroid-related genes. Nrf2-sMaf heterodimer regulates a battery of cytoprotective genes, such as antioxidant/xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme genes. The Bach1-sMaf heterodimer regulates the heme oxygenase-1 gene. The contribution of individual sMafs to the transcriptional regulation of their target genes has not yet been well examined.

Disease linkage

Loss of sMafs results in disease-like phenotypes as summarized in table below. Mice lacking MafK are seemingly healthy under laboratory conditions, while mice lacking MafG exhibit mild neuronal phenotype and mild thrombocytopenia. However, mice lacking Mafg and one allele of Mafk (Mafg^−/−::Mafk^+/−) exhibit progressive neuronal degeneration, thrombocytopenia and cataract, and mice lacking MafG and MafK (Mafg^−/−::Mafk^−/−) exhibit more severe neuronal degeneration and die in the perinatal stage. Mice lacking MafF, MafG and MafK are embryonic lethal. Embryonic fibroblasts that are derived from Maff^−/−::Mafg^−/−::Mafk^−/− mice fail to activate Nrf2-dependent cytoprotective genes in response to stress.

In addition, accumulating evidence suggests that as partners of CNC and Bach proteins, sMafs are involved in the onset and progression of various human diseases, including neurodegeneration, arteriosclerosis and cancer.