Specialty endocrinology ICD-9-CM 276.2 | ICD-10 E87.2 DiseasesDB 15112 | |
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High anion gap metabolic acidosis is a form of metabolic acidosis characterized by a high anion gap (a medical value based on the concentrations of ions in a patient's serum). An anion gap is usually considered to be high if it is over 11 mEq/L.
Contents
High anion gap metabolic acidosis is caused generally by the body producing too much acid or not producing enough bicarbonate. This is often due to an increase in lactic acid or ketoacids, or it may be a sign of kidney failure. More rarely, high anion gap metabolic acidosis may be caused by ingesting methanol or overdosing on aspirin. The Delta Ratio is a formula that can be used to assess elevated anion gap metabolic acidosis and to evaluate whether mixed acid base disorder (metabolic acidosis) is present.
The list of agents that cause high anion gap metabolic acidosis is similar to but broader than the list of agents that cause a serum osmolal gap.
Causes
Causes include:
The newest mnemonic was proposed in The Lancet reflecting current causes of anion gap metabolic acidosis:
The mnemonic MUDPILES is commonly used to remember the causes of increased anion gap metabolic acidosis.
Another frequently used mnemonic is KARMEL.
Another frequently used mnemonic is KUPIN.
The preferred mnemonic of D. Robert Dufour, the chief of the Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, is DUMPSALE, which omits the I of MUDPILES as the proposed values of *I* are exceedingly rare in clinical practice.
The mnemonic for the [rare, in comparison] toxins is ACE GIFTs: Aspirin, Cyanide, Ethanolic ketosis, Glycols [ ethylene and propylene ], Isoniazid, Ferrous iron, Toluene. Most of these cause a lactic acidosis.