Name Herb Green | Died 2001, Auckland | |
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Harold mcnair herb green
George Herbert "Herb" Green (16 November 1916–4 March 2001), B.A., B.Sc., M.B., Ch.B., (D.Obs. R.C.O.G.), M.R.C.O.G.(Lond.), was a New Zealand Obstetrician and Gynaecologist who led the National Women's Hospital Cervical Cancer Unit as Professor through the 1960s and 1970s and became notorious for conducting an alleged unethical experiment that was the subject of the Cartwright Inquiry.
Contents
- Harold mcnair herb green
- Stephen newland jafia herb green on reggae na piaskach 2017
- Biography
- University
- Post Graduate Study
- Work
- Death
- The Unfortunate Experiment
- Books
- Journals
- References
Stephen newland jafia herb green on reggae na piaskach 2017
Biography
Green was born in the rural South Otago town of Balclutha, New Zealand. He attended South Otago High School, where he studied University papers before even leaving high school. He later said that one of his teachers died of cervical cancer, and this sparked his lifelong interest in the disease.
University
Green attended the University of Otago and earned a B.A. in 1938,B.Sc. (including pure and applied mathematics) in 1940, before studying Medicine. He graduated with M.B., Ch.B. in 1946, the same year as Sir Brian Barratt-Boyes. While at University he gained a Blue in Rugby, and also represented Southland in Cricket. He was described as "a powerfully built man who towered over his colleagues".
Post-Graduate Study
Green worked at the National Women's Hospital as a House Officer and Registrar from 1948 to 1950. In 1948 he passed the RCOG Diploma in Obstetrics, scoring third highest in the exam. As a registrar he was reported to show an aptitude for statistics and analysis. He gained RCOG Membership in 1950.
In 1951 he went to work and study in the U.K., where he worked at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Newcastle upon Tyne.
Work
In 1955 Green returned to New Zealand, as Consultant Obstetrician at Wanganui Hospital. In 1956, while attending a training course at the National Women's Hospital, he was recruited back to work there as a Consultant. He shifted back there in 1956, joining the 'D' team which was primarily responsible for treating reproductive tract cancers. During that 26 years, he saw "nearly every woman who came to the hospital with invasive cancer and many of those with the earlier or precursor stages".
He was concerned about risks of surgery leading to infertility, and Cartwright refers to him being "increasingly concerned at the number of young women undergoing hysterectomy for the disease (CIS) which he regarded as unnecessarily radical". Coney (1987) states that "He wanted to save women from mutilating surgery and to do so he had to prove what at first he had suspected and eventually came to believe: that CIS was a harmless disease which hardly, if ever, progressed to invasive cancer.". In 1963 Green was quoted as saying, "Around about 1963 I thought of the possibility that abnormal cytology in women later developing CIS or cancer may have been present at birth". This idea may have formed the basis for his unconventional treatment philosophy.
Outside of his cervical cancer work he was an early proponent of the Pap smear, although not of screening programmes. He also was an ardent anti-abortionist and spoke frequently against it, as well as helping to form SPUC - The Society for the Protection of the Unborn Child. He also opposed sterilisation.
Green retired in 1982, briefly rejoining the fray to reply to criticism from Skegg in 1985, but by the time of the Cartwright Inquiry in 1987, he was described as "seemingly a bewildered old man", who was at times too unwell to participate in the inquiry.
Death
Green died in St John's Hospital, Auckland on 4 March 2001.
"The Unfortunate Experiment"
Green was the doctor at the centre of the Cartwright Inquiry, a commission set up to examine claims that he had been illegally experimenting on patients without their consent between 1966 and 1987 (continuing after his retirement in 1982). The inquiry found that he had conducted a study between 1966 and 1987 in which the cases of women with major cervical abnormalities were followed without definitive treatment, in an attempt to prove his "personal belief" that these abnormalities were "not a forerunner of invasive cancer." According to Judith Macdonald, a researcher at the University of Waikato, Green was strongly opposed to abortion, and his distaste for anything that reduced a woman's fertility was evident in his discussions with patients and his avoidance of the treatments available at the time (hysterectomy or cone biopsy). This suggestion was refuted by Green and other witnesses at the Inquiry, and a recent history has questioned its validity.
After Green retired, a paper was published in 1984 summarizing the fate of patients who had been under Green's care. This paper came to the attention of Phillida Bunkle and Sandra Coney, who published an article entitled "An Unfortunate Experiment" in Metro Magazine in June 1987. (The full phrase "an unfortunate experiment at National Women's Hospital" first appeared the year before in the New Zealand Medical Journal, in a letter from Professor David Skegg.) From that time forward, media articles used the term "unfortunate experiment" extensively.
Defenders of Green argue that there was no experimentation, with or without patients' knowledge; that the allegations that he divided patients into two groups, one of which was treated, and one of which was not, was false (his patients were treated on a case-by-case basis); that he did not withhold treatment from patients; that his methods of treatment were not substandard, and have in fact come to be regarded as the international standard.
A 2010 study compared patients diagnosed with cervical carcinoma in situ during Green's study period with those diagnosed beforehand and afterwards (the three periods being 1955-64, 1965-74 - the 'study period', and 1975–76). This study found that his patients were at substantially greater risk of cancer and were subjected to numerous extra tests that were intended to observe rather than treat their conditions. The authors failed to recognise that these patients had been treated by one of the twenty or so consultants at the hospital and not exclusively by Green. The study concluded that eight of the eleven deaths among the women followed up occurred in the group who received punch or wedge biopsy as their initial management, but admitted that 'the numbers of deaths were too small to make reliable comparisons'. This publication along with the publication in 2009 of a history of the Cartwright Inquiry sparked an extensive debate in the New Zealand Medical Journal in 2010, including 39 letters to the editor and three editorials, one by the author of the history, Professor Linda Bryder, who argued that the 2010 retrospective study did not, as alleged, settle the debates about what happened at National Women's Hospital, and nor did it 'prove' that 'treatment of curative intent' had been withheld at the hospital.
Green graduated from Otago Medical School in 1945 and retired in the early 1980s, before the publication of the article in Metro. His specialities were gynaecology and obstetrics and he wrote a textbook on the subject that underwent several revisions.
In 2017, the New Zealand Committee of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists apologised to the women involved in the experiment.
Books
Introduction to Obstetrics, George Herbert Green, Publisher N.M. Peryer, Christchurch, First Edition 1962