Possible time of origin 35,000 years BP | Ancestor K2b | |
Possible place of origin Maritime South East Asia Descendants P1 (P-M45) and P2 (P-B253).
(P1 is the immediate ancestor of haplogroups Q and R.) Defining mutations P295/PF5866/S8, 92R7_1, 92R7_2, F91/PF5862/V231 | ||
Haplogroup P also known as P-P295 and K2b2 is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup in human genetics. P-P295 is a branch of K2b (previously Haplogroup MPS; P331) which is a branch of Haplogroup K2 (K-M526).
Contents
The only primary branches (clades) of P-P295 are P1 (P-M45) and P2 (P-B253). P1 is, in turn, the parent node of Haplogroup Q (Q-M242) and Haplogroup R (R-M207).
Basal P* is found at its highest rate among members of the Aeta (or Agta), a people indigenous to Luzon, in The Philippines. Luzon is also the only location where P*, P1* and rare P2 are now found together, along with significant levels of K2b1. Even though P1* is now more common among individuals in Eastern Siberia and Central Asia, the above distributions tend to suggest that P* (P295) emerged in South East Asia.
The major subclades Haplogroups Q and R now include most males among Europeans, Native Americans, South Asia and Central Asia.
Structure
The subclades of Haplogroup P with their defining mutation, according to the 2016 ISOGG tree:
P* (P-P295*)
Basal P* (also known as P-P295*; K2b2*; PxM45,B253), has been reported among various groups in Island South East Asia and the South West Pacific. However, it is not always clear if these examples have been screened for P2 (P-B253).
P* is apparently found at very high levels among the Aeta (28% of males) and Timor (10.8%).
P1 (P-M45)
Many ethnic groups with high frequencies of P1, also known as P-M45 and K2b2a, are located in Central Asia and Siberia: 35.4% among Tuvans, 28.3% among Altaian Kizhi, and 35% among Nivkh males.
Modern South Asian populations also feature P1 at low to moderate frequencies. In South Asia it is most frequent among the Muslims of Manipur (33%), but this may be due to a very small sample size (nine individuals). It is possible that many cases of P-M45* in South Asia and Central Asia are unresolved members of subclades such as Haplogroups R2 and Q.
ยง These may include members of haplogroup R2.
Q
Near universal in the Kets (95%) of Siberia. Very common in pre-modern Native American populations, except for the Na-Dene peoples, where it reaches 50-90%. Also common, at 25-50% in Siberian populations such as the Nivks, Selkups, Tuvans, Chukchi, Siberian Eskimos, Northern Altaians, and in 30% of Turkmens.
R
The only discovered case of basal R* (i.e. one that does not belong to R1 or R2) is the Mal'ta Boy.
R1a
Haplogroup R2 is most common in South Asia and south Central Asia, as well as diaspora populations, such as the Romanis.
R2a
P2 (P-B253)
The Aeta (or Agta) people of Luzon, in The Philippines have also provided the only known samples of P2 (P-B253).