Possible time of origin About 3,000 years younger than K-M9 40,000-50,000 years old Possible place of origin Probably Southeast Asia possibly South Asia if an extinction event took place. Ancestor K2 (also known as KxLT) Descendants K2b1 (previously known as MS) and;Haplogroup P (K2b2; subclades include haplogroups Q and R). Defining mutations P331, CTS2019/M1205, PF5990/L405, PF5969, | ||
Haplogroup K2b (P331), also known as MPS is a human y-chromosome haplogroup that is thought to be less than 3,000 years younger than K, and less than 10,000 years younger than F, meaning it probably is around 50,000 years old, according to the age estimates of Tatiana Karafet et al. 2014.
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The basal paragroup K2b* has not been identified among living males or ancient remains. (One previously reported sample, dated at 3,000 years before present, has since been reclassified as R1a – an individual known as RISE94, from Viby in Sweden.)
K2b1 (P397/P399) known previously as Haplogroup MS, and Haplogroup P (P-P295), also known as K2b2 are the only primary clades of K2b. The population geneticist Tatiana Karafet and other researchers (2014) point out that K2b1, its subclades and P* are virtually restricted geographically to South East Asia and Oceania. Whereas, in a striking contrast, P1 (P-M45)and its primary subclades Q and R now make up "the majority of paternal lineages in Europe, Central Asia and the Americas". According to Karafet et. al., the estimated dates for the branching of K, K2, K2b and P point to a "rapid diversification" within K2 "that likely occurred in Southeast Asia", with subsequent "westward expansions" of P*, P1, Q and R.
Phylogenetic structure
Distribution
While basal K2b* has not yet been identified, populations with living members of the immediate subclades K2b1* and P* (K2b2) appear to be polarized between Oceania, South Asia and eastern Siberia.
Some Negrito populations of South-East Asia carry very high levels of K2b at the subclade level. It is carried, for instance, by more than 83% of males among the Aeta (or Agta) people of the Philippines, in the form of K2b1 (60%), P* (P-P295*, a.k.a. K2b2*) and P2.
K2b1
K2b1 is found in 83% of males of Papua New Guinea, and up to 60% in the Aeta people of the Philippines. It is also found among other Melanesian populations, as well as indigenous Australians, and at lower levels amongst Polynesians.
Major studies of indigenous Australian Y-DNA, published in 2014 and 2015, suggest that about 29% of indigenous Australian males belong to subclades of K2b1. That is, up to 27% carry K2b1a1 (P60, P304, P308), which has also been referred to as "S-P308", while approximately 2.0% (all Torres Strait Islanders) belonged to Haplogroup M1, which is also known as K2b1d1 – i.e. 0.9% of samples in a study in which 45% of the total were deemed to be non-indigenous. (The other Y-DNA haplogroups found were: basal K2* [K-M526], C1b2b [M347; previously Haplogroup C4], and basal C* [M130].)
P (K2b2)
P (K2b2) is widely distributed among males of Western European, Central Asian, and Native American ancestry.
Apart from the basal paragroup P*, it has only one subclade: P1 (M45), also known as K2b2a – which is also the parent of the major haplogroups Q (K2b2a1) and R (K2b2a2).
Basal P* (K2b2*)
P* (or "pre-P") is found among 28% of males among the Aeta, as well as in Timor at 10.8%, and one case may have been found in Papua New Guinea (Kaysar et al. 2006) although this has not been verified.
P1 (K2b2a)
P1 (M45/PF5962), also known as K2b2a, is hundreds of times more common than P* (K2b2; PxM45), as it includes haplogroups Q and R, is estimated as being 14,300 years younger than K2b.
Many ethnic groups with high frequencies of P1 are located in Central Asia and Siberia: 35.4% among Tuvans, 28.3% among Altaian Kizhi, and 35% among Nivkh males.
Modern South Asian populations also feature P1 at low to moderate frequencies. In South Asia it is most frequent among the Muslims of Manipur (33%), but this may be due to a very small sample size (nine individuals). Cases of P1 (M45) reported in South Asia may be unresolved cases or R2 or Q.
§ These may include members of haplogroup R2.