Samiksha Jaiswal (Editor)

Hallingmål Valdris

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Region
  
Hallingdal, Valdres

Glottolog
  
None

Hallingmål-Valdris

Language family
  
Indo-European Germanic North Germanic West Scandinavian Eastern Norwegian Midland Norwegian Hallingmål-Valdris

Hallingmål-Valdris (also known by the individual names Halling, Hallingdøl, or Valdresmål) is a group of Norwegian dialects traditionally spoken in the traditional districts Hallingdal, Buskerud and Valdres, Oppland.

Contents

Consonants

  • /rn/ is usually realized as a prestopped nasal [dn̩], while the allophone [ɳ] only occurs in words like baren ([bɑːɳ]) "the bar".
  • /rl/ also has a prestopped realization [dl].
  • The phoneme which is commonly called thick L (written /ɽ/ in IPA), exists in words that had either ⟨l⟩ or ⟨rð⟩ in Old Norse. In Vang, /ɽ/ occurs only in the first case.
  • The consonant clusters ⟨sk⟩, ⟨skj⟩, and ⟨sj⟩ were not pronounced as [ʂ], only ⟨-rs-⟩ was. Sørbygdi in Flå pronounces ⟨sj⟩ as [ʂ], while Gulsvik pronounces it as [ʂj].
  • The consonant clusters ⟨sl⟩ and ⟨tl⟩ were mostly assimilated to [sl]. Hol and Ål assimilated these to [l̥], and Sørbygdi in Flå assimilated ⟨sl⟩ to [ʂl].
  • The clusters ⟨-ld⟩, ⟨-nd⟩ and ⟨-mb⟩ are pronounced as spelled.
  • The Old Norse cluster ⟨-fn⟩ is pronounced as assimilated [bdn] or [bn].

    • Vowels

  • The back vowels [ʊ, uː] and [ɔ, oː] in older Hallingmål-Valdris were pronounced as in Old Norse, without the vowel shift to, respectively, [ʉ, ʉː] and [ʊ, uː] that is found in most other Norwegian dialects.
  • The short Old Norse vowels ⟨o⟩ and ⟨ö⟩ are pronounced as central [ɞ] almost everywhere, except for Ål (but not Torpo), where these are back [ɔ]. In Valdres (except for Vang), the schwa /ə/ can also be realized as [ɞ].
  • Traditionally, /æ, æː/ were pronounced as open-mid [ɛ, ɛː].
  • The words pronounced [e(ː)] and [ɛ(ː)] mean "I" and "am", respectively.
  • Itacism is found in southern Hallingdal (Flå, Nes and some in Gol), making the vowel /yː/ to be unrounded to [iː].
  • The Old Norse diphthongs ⟨ei⟩, ⟨ey⟩ and ⟨au⟩ are traditionally pronounced as [aɪ̯], [ɔʏ̯] ([eɪ̯] in southern Hallingdal) and [aʊ̯]. This is occurs today especially in upper Valdres and Hol and Ål.

    • References

    Hallingmål-Valdris Wikipedia
    (Text) CC BY-SA