Definitions and language
The term "billiards" is sometimes used to refer to all of the cue sports, to a specific class of them, or to specific ones such as English billiards; this article uses the term in its most generic sense unless otherwise noted.
The labels "British" and "UK" as applied to entries in this glossary refer to terms originating in the UK and also used in countries that were fairly recently part of the British Empire and/or are part of the Commonwealth of Nations, as opposed to US (and, often, Canadian) terminology. The terms "American" or "US" as applied here refer generally to North American usage. However, due to the predominance of US-originating terminology in most internationally competitive pool (as opposed to snooker), US terms are also common in the pool context in other countries in which English is at least a minority language, and US (and borrowed French) terms predominate in carom billiards. Similarly, British terms predominate in the world of snooker, English billiards and blackball, regardless of the players' nationalities.
The term "blackball" is used in this glossary to refer to both blackball and eight-ball pool as played in the Commonwealth, as a shorthand. Blackball was chosen because it is less ambiguous ("eight-ball pool" is too easily confused with the related "eight-ball"), and blackball is globally standardized by an International Olympic Committee-recognized governing body, the World Pool-Billiard Association (WPA); meanwhile, its ancestor, eight-ball pool, is largely a folk game, like North American bar pool, and to the extent that its rules have been codified, they have been done so by competing authorities with different rulesets. (For the same reason, the glossary's information on eight-ball and nine-ball draws principally on the stable WPA rules, because there are many competing amateur leagues and even professional tours with divergent rules for these games.)
Foreign-language terms are generally not within the scope of this list, unless they have become an integral part of billiards terminology in English (e.g. massé), or they are crucial to meaningful discussion of a game not widely known in the English-speaking world.
1-cushion
See the Straight rail billiards main article for the game sometimes called "one-cushion".
1-pocket
See the One-pocket main article for the game.
3-ball
See the Three-ball main article for the game.
3-cushion
See the Three-cushion billiards main article for the game.
4-ball
See the Yotsudama main article for the modern Asian game often called "four-ball". See the American four-ball billiards main article for the nineteenth-century game.
5-pins
See the Five-pin billiards main article for the formerly Italian, now internationally standardized game, or Danish pin billiards for the five-pin traditional game of Denmark.
6-ball
See the Nine-ball#Six-ball sub-article for the game.
8-ball
See the Eight-ball main article for the game. See the 8 ball entry, under the "E" section below, for the ball. See 8 ball (disambiguation) for derivative uses.
9-ball
See the Nine-ball main article for the game. See the 9 ball entry, under the "N" section below, for the ball.
9-pins
See the Goriziana main article for the game sometimes called nine-pins
.
10-ball
See the Ten-ball main article for the game.
above
Used in snooker in reference to the position of the
cue ball. It is above the
object ball if it is off-straight on the
baulk cushion side of the imaginary line for a straight
pot (e.g. "he'll want to finish above the
blue in order to go into the
pink and
reds"). It is also common to use the term
high instead.
action
1. Gambling or the potential for gambling (US).
2. Lively results on a ball, usually the
cue ball, from the application of spin.
3.
Short for cue action.
added
Used with an amount to signify
money added to a tournament prize fund in addition to the amount accumulated from entry fees (e.g. "$500 added").
ahead race
Also ahead session. A
match format in which a player has to establish a lead of an agreed number of
frames (
games) in order to win (e.g. in a ten ahead race a player wins when she/he has won ten more
racks than the opponent).
Contrast race [to].
aiming line
An imaginary line drawn from the desired path an
object ball is to be sent (usually the center of a
pocket) and the center of the object ball.
anchor
To
freeze a ball to a
cushion; such a ball may be said to be
anchored (British:
tight). This term is largely obsolete balkline billiards jargon.
anchor nurse
A type of
nurse shot used in carom billiards games. With one
object ball being
anchored (
frozen, British:
tight) to a
cushion and the second object ball just slightly away from the cushion, the
cue ball is gently grazed across the face of both balls, freezing the away ball to the rail and moving the frozen ball away the same distance its partner was previously, in an identical but reversed configuration, in position to be struck again by the cue ball from the opposite side to repeat this pattern, back and forth.
Compare cradle cannon.
anchor space
A 7-inch (180 mm) square box drawn on the table in balkline billiards, from the termination of a
balkline with the
cushion, thus defining a restricted space in which only 3
points may be scored before one ball must be driven from the area. It developed to curtail the effectiveness of the
chuck nurse, which in turn had been invented to thwart the effectiveness of
Parker's box in stopping long, repetitive runs using the
anchor nurse.
angle of incidence
The angle at which a ball approaches a
cushion, as measured from the perpendicular to the cushion. The phrase has been in use since as early as 1653.
angle of reflection
The angle from which a ball rebounds from a
cushion, as measured from the perpendicular to the cushion.
angled ball
In snooker and pool, a
cue ball situated in the
jaws of a pocket such that a/the
ball-on cannot be struck directly.
Compare corner-hooked.
arc
The extent to which the
cue ball curves as a result of a
semi-massé or
massé shot.
apex
Also apex ball, apex of the triangle, apex of the diamond or apex of the rack.
The ball placed at the front of a group of racked object balls (i.e., toward the breaker and furthest from the racker), and in most games situated over the table's foot spot.
around the table
In carom games, a shot in which in attempting to score, the cue ball contacts three or more
cushions, usually including both
short rails.
back
Same as stake (verb).
back cut
A
cut shot in which if a line were drawn from the
cue ball to the
rail behind the targeted
object ball, perpendicular to that rail, the object ball would lie beyond the line with respect to the
pocket being targeted.
backer
Same as stakehorse.
back spin
Also backspin, back-spin, backward spin.
Same as draw. See illustration at spin. Contrast top spin.
bag
Chiefly British. Same as pocket.
baize
A coarse woolen cloth used to cover billiard tables, usually green in colour and sometimes called felt based on a similarity in appearance, though very different in makeup.
balance point
The point, usually around 18 in. from the bottom of a
cue, at which the cue will balance when resting on one hand.
balk
Also balk space.
1. An area defined on a billiard table by one or more balklines. In the eponymous game of balkline billiards, there are eight balks defined by perpendicular balklines, in which only a set number of caroms may be scored before at least one ball must leave the area. In the earlier (and short-lived) "champions' game", there were four triangular balks, one at each corner, defined by single diagonal balklines. Not to be confused with baulk, but see second definition.
2. An area defined on a billiard table, in games such as pool, snooker, English billiards and bagatelle, by a single
balkline (drawn or imaginary) that runs across the table near the
head (
bottom) end; exactly where depends upon table type and size. This balk is where the cue ball is placed in
lagging for lead, for making the opening
break shot, and sometimes for other purposes, depending upon the game. This usage of "balk" is strictly technical, and rarely used in practice. In pool, this area is called the
kitchen and is divided from the rest of the table by the
head string, while in snooker, English billiards and blackball it is the somewhat differently sized and delimited
baulk, defined by the
baulk line. On baulk tables, which have
a "D" inside baulk, and on pool tables with a
break box in the kitchen, the actual area from which to shoot is even smaller than the baulk or kitchen, respectively – a balk within the balk.
balkline
Also balk line.
1. A line drawn horizontally from a point on a billiard table's rail to the corresponding point on the opposite rail, thus defining a region (a balk). In the eponymous balkline billiards there are four balklines, drawn parallel to and typically 14 or 18 inches from the cushions of the table, dividing it into nine compartments or divisions, of which the outside eight are the balks. in which only a set number of caroms may be scored before at least one ball must leave the area. Not to be confused with baulk line, though the concepts and etymologies are related. See balk, second definition.
2. Formerly, in "the champions' game", a line drawn diagonally from a
long to a
short rail at the corners of the table, defining a triangular
balk space at each.
3. A type of carom billiards game, called balkline billiards, created to eliminate very high
runs in straight-rail that relied on repetitive
nurse shots.
ball-and-pocket
Same as call-shot.
ball-in-hand
Also cue ball in-hand. The option of placing the
cue ball anywhere on the table prior to shooting, in a game of pool. Usually only available to a player when the opposing player has committed some type of
foul under a particular game's rules (cf. the free throw in basketball by way of comparison).
See also in-hand for the snooker definition. A common variation, used in games such as straight pool and often in
bar pool, is ball-in-hand "behind the head string", also "behind the line" or "from the kitchen", meaning the ball-in-hand option is restricted to placement anywhere behind the
head string, i.e., in the area of the table known as the
kitchen.
ball-on
Not always hyphenated. Plural: balls-on. Also on[-]ball.
Any legally strikeable ball on the table in snooker and generally British terminology. For example, in blackball, if a player is playing yellows, any yellow ball (or any solid, from 1 to 7, if using a solids-and-stripes ball set) can be the ball-on until they are all potted, in which case the 8 ball is the ball-on. In snooker, at the beginning of a player's turn, unless all are already potted, any red ball can be the ball-on. Compare object ball.
ball rack
1.
Same as rack (noun), sense 1
2.
Same as scoring rack
3. A
wall rack designed exclusively for storing balls
ball return
Also ball-return mechanism. A collection bin mounted below the foot end of a table to which balls potted in any pocket will return by means of gravity assisted gutters or troughs running from each pocket opening to the bin. Ball returns have been in use since at least the 1700s. Pockets which simply collect balls are known as
drop pockets. A table without a ball return may be called a "drop pocket table", while a table featuring a ball return may be called a "gully table". Coin-operated
bar tables have ball-return mechanisms that separate the
cue ball from the
object balls so that the object balls are captured when pocketed until the game ends, then released when paid for again, while the cue ball is continually returned for continued play after
scratches. This type of table can use a variety of methods to distinguish the cue ball from object balls including the
Magnetic cue ball, the dense ceramic "
rock" and the oversized "
grapefruit" ball. Ball return mechanisms have also been devised that use a smaller, lighter cue ball, instead of a magnetic or heavier one. There are tables that use optical sensors to distinguish a standard cue ball from object balls.
banger
A derogatory term for a recreational or beginning player who "bangs" the balls without any thought for
position nor attempt to control the
cue ball; also a reference to the predilection of beginners to often hit the cue ball far harder than necessary.
Compare British potter.
bank
1.
Same as cushion.
2.
Same as bank shot.
bank shot
Also bank. Shot in which an
object ball is driven to one or more rails prior to being
pocketed (or in some contexts, prior to reaching its intended target; not necessarily a pocket). Sometimes "bank" is conflated to refer to
kick shots as well, and in the UK it is often called a double.
bank-the-8
A rule variant common in
bar pool versions of eight-ball, in which the 8-ball must be pocketed on a
bank shot (generally this would either be accomplished via a bank shot proper or a
kick shot); shooting the 8 straight in is a loss of game. Players may agree before the game begins to invoke this rule, or one player may challenge another player (who might accept or refuse) to conclude the game in this manner after it is already under way. Playing bank-the-8 can be considered rude if many other players are waiting to use the table, since it often makes the game last considerably longer. Often on bar tables three scratches determines a loss. The same with last-pocket.
bar player
Also bar league player. A player that predominantly plays in bars/pubs, or is in a bar-based pool league. Often used pejoratively by pool hall players to refer to a perceived lesser skill level of such players.
See also bar pool, bar table.
bar pool
Also bar rules, pub pool, tavern pool.
Pool, almost always a variant of eight-ball, that is played by bar players on a bar table. Bar pool has rules that vary from region to region, sometimes even from venue to venue in the same city, especially in the U.S. Wise players thus ensure understanding of and agreement to the rules before engaging in a money game under bar rules. Typical differences between bar pool and tournament eight-ball are the lack of ball-in-hand after a foul, the elimination of a number of fouls, and (with numbered ball sets) the requirement that most aspects of a shot be called (including cushions and other object balls to be contacted) not just the target ball and pocket. Bar pool has evolved into this "nitpicky" version principally to make the games last longer, since bar pool is typically played on coin-operated tables that cost money per-game rather than per-hour. Competitive league pool played on bar tables, however, usually uses international, national or local/regional league rules, and is not what is usually meant by "bar pool". Not to be confused with the game of bar billiards.
bar table
Also bar box, pub table, tavern table, coin-operated table, coin-op table.
A distinctive size of pool table found in bars/pubs/taverns as well as various other venues such as family entertainment centers and arcade rooms at bowling alleys. These are smaller than the full-size tables found in pool halls. While typical professional and competition tables are 9 ft (2.7 m) × 4 ft (1.2 m) or 10 ft (3.0 m) × 5 ft (1.5 m), bar boxes are typically 7 ft (2.1 m) × 3.5 ft (1.1 m). However, 4×8 and even 3×6 examples can sometimes be found. In bars they are almost always coin-operated. Most North American brands of bar tables have pocket proportions opposite those of regular tables in that the side pockets are remarkably tight while the corners are more generous and are therefore considered irregular. Another factor is the cue ball; these tables capture object balls to minimize replays, but selectively return the cue ball by identifying it mechanically to allow complete games. To do this they employ one of two mechanisms to return a scratched cue ball; these are oversized or extra-dense. Because these cue balls do not play as competition cue balls (especially with regard to cut (due to their larger size) and stop/draw shots (due to their larger mass) respectively, they change the characteristics of the cue ball and are therefore deprecated by aficionados. smash-through). However, modern bar tables make use of a magnetic core with a regulation or near-regulation size and weight paired with a magnet mechanism within the table's ball return system that separates out the cue ball without requiring cue ball characteristics that affect play. Pool hall players complain also that the cloth used on bar tables is often greatly inferior (in particular that it is "slow" and that english does not "take" enough), and often find that the cushions are not as responsive as they are used to.
baulk
Also baulk area. In snooker, English billiards, and blackball, the area of the
bottom of the table that is between the
baulk line and the
baulk cushion, which houses
the "D" and is somewhat analogous to the
kitchen in American-style pool.
baulk colour
In snooker, any of the three
colour balls that get
spotted on the
baulk line. The left-to-right
green,
brown and
yellow ball order is the subject of the mnemonic phrase "
God
bless
you".
baulk cushion
In snooker, the
cushion opposite the
top cushion and bounded by the
yellow and
green pockets (i.e.
same as bottom cushion).
baulk line
Also baulk-line. A straight line drawn 29 inches (73.66 cm) from the face of the
baulk cushion on a standard 6 × 12 foot snooker table. Its positioning varies on other sizes of tables. Baulk lines may also be drawn on English billiards tables, and even British-style pool tables. The baulk line is an integral part of
the "D". The baulk line's position is always determined by measurement from the baulk cushion, in contrast to the similar but different
head string, the position of which is determined by the
diamonds.
Not to be confused with balkline.
baulk rail
Same as bottom rail (UK), head rail (US).
baulk spot
Also middle spot in baulk, baulk line spot, middle of the baulk-line spot, etc.
The Spot, usually unmarked because of its obviousness at the intersection of the baulk line and long string. As such, it is also the middle of the flat side of the "D". In snooker, same as brown spot. Compare head spot.
bed
The flat surface of a table, exclusive of the
cushions. The bed is covered with
billiard cloth like the cushions. The
playing area of the table consists of the bed except where the cushion overhangs the bed, i.e. it is all of the bed between the cushion
noses. Quality beds are made of smooth-ground slate, though very cheap tables may use particle board or plywood. The earliest beds were simply the surfaces of the wooden tables on which the game was played.
be in stroke
See In stroke.
below
Used in snooker in reference to the position of the
cue ball. It is "below" the object ball if it is off-straight on the
top cushion side of the imaginary line for a straight pot (e.g. he will want to finish below the
black in order to go into the
reds). This may seem counterintuitive, see
above for an explanation.
big
Also bigs, big balls, big ones.
In eight-ball, to be shooting the striped suit (group) of balls (9 through 15); "you're big, remember", "you're big balls" or "I've got the big ones". Compare stripes, yellows, high, overs; contrast little. Not to be confused with the carom billiards concept of a big ball.
big ball
A carom billiards metaphor, it refers to an object ball positioned and being approached in such a manner that a near miss will rebound off a cushion and still score. It is
as if the ball were larger than normal, making it easier to contact. Normally a ball a couple inches from a rail is a big ball, but only if being approached from an angle and if all the prerequisite rails have already been contacted. A ball near a corner can effectively be a foot wide. Not to be confused with the eight-ball term "the big balls". In older British usage the concept was referred to as "large ball".
See also "big pocket".
big pocket
A pocket billiards and occasionally snooker term (inherited from carom billiards by way of "
big ball", above), it is a metaphor for a shot that is very difficult to miss pocketing for any of a number of reasons, most commonly either because the object ball is positioned such that a near miss on one side of it will likely cause the cue ball to rebound into the object ball off the rail and pocket it anyway, or another ball is positioned such that if the target ball does not go straight in, it is still likely to go in off the other ball in a
kiss. It is
as if the pocket, for this one shot, had become larger. The term can also refer to the angle of shot toward a pocket, especially a side pocket; the pocket is said to be "bigger", for example, on a shot that is only a 5-degree angle away from straight on, than on a 45-degree angle shot which is much more likely to hit one of the cushion points and bounce away.
billiard
Also billiard shot.
1. Any shot in which the cue ball is caromed off an object ball to strike another object ball (with or without contacting cushions in the interim).
2. In certain carom billiards games such as three-cushion, a successful attempt at making a
scoring billiard shot under the rules for that game (such as contacting three cushions with the cue ball while executing the billiard). A failed attempt at scoring would, in this context, not be called "a billiard" by players of such games even if it satisfied the first, more general definition.
billiards
1. In the US, Canada and in many different countries and languages (under various spellings) as well as historically, generally refers to all cue sports;
2. Sometimes refers to just carom games as opposed to pocket billiards (especially in the US and Canada);
3. In British terminology, chiefly refers to the game known in the rest of the world as English billiards.
billiards glasses
Also pool spectacles, snooker specs, etc.
Eyeglasses specially made for cue sports, with tall lenses, set unusually high, so that when the head is lowered over the cue stick for aiming, with the nose pointing downward, the eyes can still look through the lenses instead of over them. They are especially popular among snooker players (notably, 1985 World Champion Dennis Taylor).
black ball
Also the black.
1. In snooker, the highest-value colour ball on the table, being worth seven points. It is placed on the black spot. In some (especially American) snooker ball sets it is numbered "7" on its surface.
2. Chefily British: The black ball (usually numbered "8") in standard blackball and traditional 8-ball pool, or the slightly larger but otherwise identical
number 8 ball in a Kelly pool set (a.k.a. an "American" or more properly a standard WPA pool set).
See also 8 ball.
black spot
The marked
spot on a snooker table at which the
black ball is placed. On tournament-size tables, it is 12.75 inches (324 mm) from the
top cushion, on the
long string. I.e., it is between the top cushion and the
pyramid.
blank
1. An unfinished bottom half of a two piece cue (the
butt section) with the splice completed, but the cue not yet turned on a lathe to produce the final shape, and certain features having not yet been added such as a
wrap,
joint mechanism,
butt cap,
bumper and inlays.
2. An unsuccessful inning at the table. Also known as a
duck egg,
goose egg,
cipher or
naught.
blood test
Any very difficult shot that must be made under pressure.
blue ball
1. In snooker, the
colour ball worth 5 points, placed on the
blue spot in the centre of the table. In some (especially American) snooker ball sets it is numbered "5" on its surface.
2.
Also the blues. In the eight-ball game variant blackball, also known as eight-ball pool, a differently colored but otherwise identical replacement for
the red group (i.e., what would be the
solids in an American-style pool ball set).
blue spot
The marked
spot on a snooker table at which the
blue ball is placed. Regardless of table size, it is at the lengthwise and widthwise centre of the table (i.e. it is the same as the
centre spot.
body english
The useless but common practice of contorting one's body while a shot is in play, usually in the direction one wishes a ball or balls to travel, as if in the vain hope that this will influence the balls' trajectories; the term is considered humorous.
See also English.
bottle
Also shake bottle, pea bottle, pill bottle, tally bottle, kelly bottle.
The bottle used in various games to hold numbered peas, it is employed to assign random spots to players in a roster (such as in a tournament), or to assign random balls to players of a game (such as in kelly pool and bottle pool).
bottom
1.
Chiefly British: The half of the table from which the
break shot is taken. This usage is conceptually opposite that in North America, where this end of the table is called the
head.
Contrast top. See also baulk.
2.
Chiefly American: Exactly the opposite of the above – the
foot end of the table. No longer in common usage.
3.
Short for bottom spin, i.e. same as screw (British), draw (American).
bottom cushion
Chiefly British: The
cushion on the
bottom rail. Also known as the
baulk cushion, especially in snooker.
Compare head cushion (U.S.); contrast top cushion.
bottom rail
Chiefly British: The
short rail at the
bottom of the table. Traditionally this is the rail on which the table manufacturer's logo appears. Also known as the
baulk rail, especially in snooker.
Compare head rail (U.S.); contrast top rail.
bottom spin
Also bottomspin, bottom-spin, bottom.
Same as back spin, i.e. screw (UK), draw (US). Contrast top spin. See illustration at spin.
bouclée
A type of
bridge formed between the thumb and forefinger, creating a loop for the cue to pass through. Principally used in carom billiards, the term is French for 'curled'.
break
1.
Also break shot or break off, as a noun. Typically describes the first shot in most types of billiards games. In carom games it describes the first point attempt, as shot from an unvarying
cue ball and
object balls placement; in many pocket billiards (pool) games it describes the first shot, which is used to separate the object balls which have been
racked together;
2. A series of consecutive
pots by a player during a single
inning. Most often applied in snooker and English billiards, e.g., "The player had a break of 89 points". (chiefly British;
compare US run).
See also Maximum break.
break and dish
Same as Break and run (chiefly British).
break and run
Also break and run out. Chiefly American: In pool games, when a player
breaks the
racked object balls,
pockets at least one ball on the break, and commences to
run out the remaining object balls without the opponent getting a
visit at the table. Hyphenated when used as an adjective or compound noun instead of a verbal phrase.
See also run the table, rack and run.
break box
In European Pocket Billiard Federation (EPBF) nine-ball, the break box is a zone in the "kitchen" of the head (British: bottom) of the table, from which the break shot must be taken with the cue ball, not unlike the "D" zone used in snooker, English billiards and blackball. The break box consists of the middle 50% of the kitchen area, delimited latitudinally by the head rail (British: bottom rail) and head string (not the baulk line), and longitudinally by two parallel lines drawn (on the cloth, or more often imaginarily) from the head rail diamonds that are closest to the head corner pockets, out to the head string (see illustration to the right) on either side. This departure from WPA World Standardised Rules defeats the common break-from-the-side-rail technique for pocketing the 9 ball to win the game on the break; while 9 ball breaks are still possible, they are much more difficult under this rule. This EPBF Euro-Tour requirement was added in 2008 to the Europe vs. US all-star team event, the Mosconi Cup, but has not otherwise been seen much by non-Europeans as of 2011.
break down one's cue
To take one's two-piece cue stick apart. When done before a game's conclusion, it may indicate that the game is conceded. Different leagues have different rules on this matter.
bridge
Either the player's hand or a
mechanical bridge used to support the shaft end of the cue stick during a shot. Also the particular hand formation used for this purpose (there are many).
bridge hand
The hand used by a player as a
bridge during a normal shot that does not involve a
mechanical bridge. The bridge hand is usually a player's non-dominant hand.
brown ball
Also the brown. In snooker, the highest-value
baulk colour, worth 4 points. It is placed on the
brown spot. In some (especially American) snooker ball sets it is numbered "4" on its surface.
brown spot
The
spot (often not marked) on a snooker table at which the
brown ball is placed. Regardless of table size, it is the middle point of the
baulk line. I.e., it is the
same as the baulk spot. The left-to-right order of the
green, brown and
yellow balls is the subject of the mnemonic phrase "
God
bless
you".
bumper
The bumper on the bottom of a cue, usually made from rubber, which insulates the
butt cap from contact with the floor and greatly reduces noise. The bumper was first patented in 1880.
burnish
1. To seal the pores of a wooden cue's
shaft by rubbing vigorously with some material. Leather is commonly employed for the task, as is paper money.
2. To similarly vigorously rub the edge of a
cue tip (especially a new one) to fortify it against
mushrooming and ensure that it is perfectly flush with the
ferrule.
3. To smooth out minor dents in the
shaft with a rigid
burnisher.
burnisher
1. A pad, usually of leather, used to
burnish (seal the wood pores of) a
cue shaft.
2. A rigid
tip tool used to finish and harden the sides of a new
cue tip.
3. A
shaft maintenance tool, most commonly a cylindrical glass rod, used for smoothing minor nicks in the shaft. This is sometimes done after swelling the wood at the nick site with some moist application.
bushka rings
Named after their innovator, legendary cuemaker George Balabushka, Bushka rings are decorative bands of material incorporated into pool cues, commonly just above the
wrap area, in the form of ebony and ivory blocks, or sometimes other materials, alternating in a checked pattern.
business, doing
Collusion between matchplay opponents who prearrange who will win a match on which other people's money is wagered, in order to guarantee a payday.
butt
The bottom portion of a pool cue which is gripped by a player's hand.
butt cap
A protective cap mounted on the end of the
butt of a cue.
button
A
point bead on a
scoring string.
calcutta
A player's auction at a pool tournament. Each player is called and players and spectators bid on the player. The highest bidder(s) pays their bid to the calcutta, and by doing so invest in that player's success. If a player wins or places in the tournament, those who "bought" the player receive a percentage of the total calcutta payout, usually tracking the percentage payout of the tournament prize fund. Typically, players have the option of purchasing half of themselves when the high bid is won by a third party. Like
english and
scotch doubles, usually not capitalized.
call
Any instance of a player having to say what they are about to do. For example, in straight pool a player must
call the pocket in which a ball is intended to be potted. More formal terms, used in rule books and instructional materials, include
designate and
nominate.
Contrast fish, slop.
call-safe
Also called-safe
Applies specifically to games that enforce "call-pocket/call-safe" rules, which require the player to either call the ball and pocket, or call a safety on every shot. After a legal shot, where a called ball is not pocketed as designated, the incoming player has the option to pass the shot back to the player who missed the called shot. If a player calls "safe", then after a legal shot, the incoming player must accept the next shot, and may not pass the shot back to the player who called "safe". A call-shot/call-safe nine-ball example: Player A calls the ball-on, the 3 ball in this case, in the corner pocket but misses the shot. The cue ball rolls down table and comes to rest behind the 5 ball leaving no clear path to the 3 ball for the incoming player B. Since player A did not call "safe", incoming player B may elect to pass the shot back to player A (who must shoot).
call-shot
Also called-shot; call-pocket or called-pocket.
Describes any game in which during normal play a player must call the ball to be hit and the intended pocket; "eight-ball is a call-shot game." Sometimes referred to as "call[ed]-pocket", "ball-and-pocket rules", etc., to distinguish it from the common North American bar pool practice of requiring every aspect of shots to be called, such as caroms, kicks, and cushions to be contacted (this is sometimes also ambiguously referred to as "call-shot", but more accurately termed "call-everything" or "call-it-all"). Commonly in bar rules terminology, call-shot indicates how the shot will be made as compared to call-pocket which means simply that the ball must go into that pocket, details unnecessary. Though technically all shots are called shots, obvious shots are seldom actually called; however, you must still make what was intended. See also gentlemen's call.
called ball
The ball designated by a player to be pocketed on a shot.
called pocket
The pocket designated by a player to which a ball is to be shot.
cannon
British/Australian and sometimes Canadian term for
carom.
card
Short for tournament card.
carom
Carom came into use in the 1860s and is a shortening of
carambola, which was earlier used to describe the red object ball used in many billiards games. Carom generally refers to any type of strike and rebound, off a rail or ball, but may also be used as short for a
carom shot in which a point is scored in carom billiards games by careening the cue ball into the two object balls. Also called a
cannon in British terminology.
carom angle
carambole
Also carambola.
1. The red object ball in carom games. The term is thought to be derived from an orange-colored, tropical Asian fruit, called a carambola in English, Spanish and several other languages, in turn from karambal in the Marathi language of India.
2. A general-purpose term for carom billiards games
3. (Obsolete.) Alternate name for the game of straight rail
4. A
carom.
carpetbagger
See Lemon.
catch a stroke
See Stroke, catch a.
center spot
Also centre spot, . The spot (usually unmarked, except in snooker) at the geometric center of the
bed of the table. It lies at the intersection of the
center string and
long string. In snooker, it is more commonly known as the
blue spot Uncommonly it is also called the
middle spot.
center string
Also centre string. The (usually unmarked) line bisecting the centers of the two
long rails (and of the
side [Brit.: centre] pockets if any) and the
center spot. It thus runs widthwise (i.e. the short way) across the center of the table. Its intersection with the
long string, running lengthwise down the middle of the table, defines the position of the center spot.
centre pocket
In the UK, one of the two
pockets one either side of a pool, snooker or English billiards table halfway up the
long rails. They are cut shallower than
corner pockets because they have a 180 degree aperture, instead of 90 degrees. Also sometimes called a
middle pocket. These terms are not generally used in the US, where
side pocket prevails.
century
Also century break. In snooker, English billiards and other British usage, a break of 100 points or more, which involves potting at least 26 balls consecutively, in snooker, but can be earned via a combination of scoring techniques in English billiards, etc. A century also means scoring 100+ points in a single turn in straight pool. A century of centuries is the achievement of 100 or more century breaks in a career, a feat few players have performed to date. See also double century.
chalk
A powdered substance placed on a cue's
tip to increase its friction and thereby decrease slippage between the tip and
cue ball. Cue "chalk" is not actually chalk (calcium carbonate) at all, but a compound of silica and aluminium oxide. Chalk is sold in compressed, dyed (most commonly blue) cubes wrapped on five sides with a paper label, and is applied (properly) in a manner similar to lipstick on the mouth. Chalk is essential to shots involving
spin, and failure to use it frequently during a game is likely to lead to
miscuing. Modern cue chalk was co-invented by pro player William A. Spinks and engineer William Hoskins.
See also talc, often incorrectly referred to as "hand chalk".
chasing one's money
The inability of some players to stop gambling once they have lost money because they "have" to get their money back.
cheat the pocket
To aim at an object ball such that it will enter one side or the other, rather than the center, of a pocket. This permits the cue ball to strike the object ball at a different contact point than the most obvious one. Cheating the pocket is employed for
position play, to allow a ball to pass another partially obscuring the path to the pocket, and to prevent
scratches on dead-straight shots in cases where draw is not desirable (or may not be dependable, e.g. because of distance from the pocket or
smash-through).
check side
also commonly referred to as "check" is a type of
spin imparted to the
cue ball to make it rebound from a
cushion at a shallower angle than it would if the spin had not been used. Normally played when the natural angle is no good to the player for the next shot.
chesney
Sometimes known as a "Chesney Allen", a slight indentation in the table's slate which can add behavioral aspects to any ball passing over it. Tables containing a chesney are legal for match play, but are generally avoided by serious and professional players.
chinese snooker
A situation where the cue ball is directly in front of another ball in the line of the shot such that the player is hampered by it, having to bridge over it awkwardly with the likelihood of a foul looming if the object ball is inadvertently touched. The term is most common in the game of snooker but is used in U.S. parlance.
chuck nurse
Known as a
rocking cannon in British terminology. A type of
nurse used in carom billiards games. With one object ball
frozen (British:
tight) to a
cushion and the second object ball a few inches away from the cushion, the cue ball is gently rebounded off the frozen ball not moving it, but with just enough speed to meet the other object ball which rocks in place, but does not change position. Developed to thwart the restrictions emplaced by the
Parker's box.
choke
To commit errors while shooting, especially at the
money ball, due to pressure.
See also dog, one-stroke.
cinch a ball
To play a shot with the stroke and speed that makes it easiest to pocket the object ball, even at the expense of sacrificing position.
cinch a pocket
To maneuver a ball on a shot so that it will be favorably positioned for later play into a particular pocket, even at the expense of sacrificing position or the inning to achieve that result.
cinch position
To play a shot using a more difficult application of stroke and speed to achieve a certain desired position for the next shot, even at the expense of or sharply increasing the likelihood of a miss.
clean
1.
Chiefly British. Describing a
pot that goes straight into the
pocket without touching either
knuckle.
2.
Chiefly American. Describing a shot in
bar pool: the
pocketing of an
object ball in a manner such that the target object ball does not
kiss any other object ball, and is not
banked,
kicked,
caromed, or
combo'd in, and without
double-kissing, though it may hit the
knuckles, and depending upon local bar-rules may be allowed to contact either of the cushions, not just at the knuckle, that run into the target pocket. Usage example: "The 7 in that corner, clean". Usage can be narrower, to indicate clean
other than as already specified, e.g. "bank the 7 in that corner, clean".
clearance
In snooker and British pool, the successful
potting of all object
balls-on in a single
frame. A player is said to have "cleared up" or to have "cleared the table". Also, if a snooker player compiles a
break consisting of all 15
reds with
colours, then the colours in sequence, this is known as a "total clearance".
Compare break and run.
cling
Phenomenon where two balls, (usually the
cue ball and an
object ball) have some foreign material (often residual
chalk or dirt picked up from unbrushed cloth) between them at the point of contact, resulting in the struck object ball being thrown offline from the expected trajectory, and often also affecting the post-impact path of the cue ball. A typical precaution against cling is to ask for the cue ball and/or object ball to be cleaned by the referee in order to remove chalk that is already on the ball prior to the shot. The table cloth should also be clean. However, no precaution can ward against cling resulting from chalk transferred from the cue tip to the cue ball during a single shot. Coincidental cling can therefore cause unpredictable play and occasionally lead to rudimentary shots being missed at even the highest levels of the game. "Cling" (and derived words like "clung", "clinger", "clinging", etc.) may be used as a mass noun, less commonly as a count noun, as a verb, and rarely as an adjective ("cling is annoying", "two clings in one frame", "they clung", "unintentional cling shot", respectively).
Also known as skid, or in the UK, kick (sense 2). See also dead ball, sense 2.
closed bridge
Also loop bridge. A bridge formed by the hand where a finger (normally the index finger) is curved over the cue stick and the other fingers are spread on the cloth providing solid support for the cue stick's direction. A closed bridge is less common in snooker play than in other games.
Compare Open bridge.
cloth
The baize cloth covering the tables playing surface and rails, usually made from wool or a wool-nylon blend. In use since the 15th century, cloth is traditionally green-colored, chosen for its evocation of grass. Sometimes cloth is improperly referred to as "felt." The properties of the cloth used to cover a table, as well as environmental conditions that can affect it—notably humidity, the degree it has been stretched when installed, and its level of cleanness—have a profound effect on play.
See also fast.
cloth speed
Same as table speed.
cluster
Two or more object balls that are touching or are close together. More rare uses of the term include the intended action of a
gather shot, and a
run of points.
cocked-hat double
Also cocked hat double. A term applied especially in snooker for a type of double off three cushions, e.g. around the
baulk colours and into a
centre pocket. Such a shot is very difficult to make and would not normally be played as anything more than a
shot for nothing.
collar
The protector of the
joint of the cue on the joint end of the
butt and
shaft (i.e., the
butt collar and
shaft collar respectively). Most modern cues use collars of steel and/or other materials, but carom billiards cues usually have a collarless wood-on-wood joint, as do "
sneaky petes".
collision-induced side spin
Side spin imparted to an
object ball by the friction from the hit of the
cue ball during a
cut shot.
collision-induced throw
Deflection of an object ball's path away from the impact line of a
cut shot, caused by sliding friction between the cue ball and the object ball. One of the two types of
throw.
colour ball
Also coloured ball(s), colour(s); American spelling color sometimes also used.
1. In snooker, any of the object balls that are not reds. A colour ball must be potted after each red in the continuation of a break, and are re-spotted until the reds run out, after which the colours must be potted in their order:
Although the full term includes "ball" after the colour, they are most commonly referred to with the omission of "ball", just stating the colour (e.g. "he's taken five blacks with reds so far").
2. In blackball, a generic, collective term for the
red and
yellow groups of
object balls, corresponding to the (originally American, but used much more widely today)
solids and
stripes, respectively.
combination
Also combination shot, combo. Any shot in which the cue ball contacts an object ball, which in turn hits one or more additional object balls (which in turn may hit yet further object balls) to send the last-hit object ball to an intended place, usually a pocket. In the UK this is often referred to as a
plant.
contact point
The point on each of two balls at which they touch at the moment of impact.
containing safety
A type of
safety shot in the middle of a safety exchange that is not intended to put the opponent in a difficult situation regarding their next safety, but rather played so as to not leave an easy
pot on. A typical example in snooker, which sees the most shots of this kind, is a slow
roll-up into the
pack.
corner-hooked
When the corner lip of a pocket blocks the path of the cue ball from contacting an intended object ball. Interchangeable with "
tittie-hooked".
corner pocket
Any of the four
pockets in each corner of a pool or snooker table. They have a 90 degree aperture and as such are cut deeper than center pockets, which have 180 degree apertures.
count
1. A successful shot or score; more common in carom games.
2. The running score during a game
inning where multiple successive points have been made.
cotgrave
Similar to
fluke whereby a shot is played with seemingly no aim to a
pot or
snooker but ends up with the desired outcome.
counter rack
Also counting rack, counter ball rack, etc.
Same as scoring rack.
cradle cannon
A type of
nurse shot used in English billiards in which two coloured balls are positioned on either side of the mouth of a snooker table pocket but not touching and, thus placed, can be successively contacted and scored off over and over by the cue ball without moving them. The cradle cannon's first known use was by Walter Lovejoy in 1907. The unofficial record using the shot is held by Tom Reece who in 1907, over the course of a month, scored 499,135 points using the cradle cannon before stopping without missing. This feat prompted the Billiards Association to outlaw the shot. The official record is held by William Cook with 42,746 points scored.
Compare anchor nurse.
creep
Deviation of a ball from its initial direction of travel. Often the result of a poor-quality table and may be an artifact of the
cloth, the
bed, a ball with uneven weight distribution, or simply the floor the table stands on being uneven. It should not be confused with the
nap of the cloth.
cribbage
A set of paired balls in the game of cribbage pool that have a number value which combined equal 15. For example, the 8 ball and the 7 ball added together equal 15 and thus constitute one cribbage if pocketed in succession.
cross
Also cross rake or jigger. A type of rest, with a straight shaft and "x"-shaped head for resting the cue upon.
cross-corner
A bank shot that rebounds from a cushion into a corner pocket across the table.
cross double
A British term describing a
bank shot in which the
cue ball crosses the future path of the
object ball. Such shots are usually played into a
center pocket because there is the danger of a
double-kiss if played to a
corner pocket.
cross-side
A bank shot that rebounds from a cushion and into a side pocket.
crotch
The corner formed by the rails on a carom billiards table. In modern straight rail rules, only three
counts may be made while both
object balls are inside the boundaries of the crotch before one ball must be driven away. The boundaries of each of the four crotch areas are measured by drawing a line from the first
diamond on the
end rail to the second diamond on the
long rail.
Crucible Curse
The phenomenon that (as of 2016) no first-time winner of the World Snooker Championship has successfully defended the title the following year since it moved to the Crucible Theatre in 1977.
cue
1.
Noun: Also cue stick. A stick, usually around 55-60" in length with a tip made of a material such as leather on the end and sometimes with a joint in the middle, which is used to propel billiard balls.
2.
Noun: Sometimes "cue" is short for
cue ball.
3.
Verb: Same as stroke, definition 1
cue action
Chiefly British: The posture and timing used by players on their shots, often indicative of how they play in their shot selection. A fast, natural player would tend to be more aggressive whereas a less naturally gifted player might have a slow action and tend to be more conservative on the table. It is widely thought that better snooker players get lower to the table with their chins on the
cue, have a straight back leg, their elbow hinging in line with the shot, and a straight follow-through after the
cue ball has been struck.
cue ball
Also cue-ball, cueball. The ball in nearly any cue sport, typically white in color, that a player strikes with a cue stick. Sometimes referred to as the "white ball", "whitey" or "the rock".
For more information, see the billiard ball main article.
cue ball control
See position play.
cue holder
1. A portable device for holding cues upright and at the ready for immediate use. The most common types are either weighted and placed on a table top, with semicircular cut-outs into which cues may lean, or clamping varieties that firmly affix to a table and which have clips or holes into which cues are placed for added security.
2.
Same as cue stand.
3.
Same as wall rack.
cue power
A chiefly British term describing the amount of control a player can retain when playing shots with heavy
spin and great pace; "it took tremendous cue power to get onto the 2 ball having been relatively straight on the 1".
cue rack
1.
Same as cue stand.
2.
Same as wall rack.
cue stand
A piece of stand-alone or "island" furniture designed to store cue sticks and sometimes other accessories such as the
mechanical bridge (
rest), balls,
chalk, etc., when not in use.
Contrast wall rack.
cue stick
Also cue-stick, cuestick. Same as cue.
cue tip
A material, usually leather, placed on the end of a cue stick which comes in contact with the cue ball.
curve shot
Same as semi-massé. Compare swerve shot.
cueist
A player of cue sports.
cushion
The elastic bumpers mounted on all rails of a billiards table, usually made from rubber or synthetic rubber, from which the balls rebound.
cut shot
Technically, any shot that is not a center-to-center hit, but almost always employed when describing a shot that has more than a slight degree of angle.
"D", the
A semicircle with an 11½ inch (291 mm) radius, drawn behind a snooker table's
baulk line, centred on the middle of the line, and resembling the upper case letter "D" in shape. The "D" is also used in English billiards and sometimes also in blackball and other pool games played on British-style tables.
dart stroke
A short and loose stroke performed in a manner similar to the way one throws a dart; usually employed for a
jump shot.
See also nip draw.
dead
When two or more
object balls are
frozen or nearly frozen to each other, such that
cue-ball contact with one object ball, without the necessity of great accuracy, will almost certainly pocket an intended object ball in the
cluster. The most common form of dead arrangements are the
dead combination or
dead combo (a
combination shot in which contact with the first object ball will pocket another one), and the
dead kiss, in which contact with the first object ball will pocket it off of another one. See also
wired.
dead cushion
Same as dead rail.
dead ball
1.
Short for dead ball shot.
2. A ball that has been used for some time, with a dirty surface, as opposed to a slick new (or highly polished used) ball. A
spinning dead ball will transfer more spin to other balls it comes into contact with, and not be as
fast on the cloth. Even
cut shot angles may be affected because of the
cling or
skid (British:
kick) effect, and professional players often ask a referee to clean a ball, mid-game. Others may actually be more used to dead balls and prefer them.
dead ball shot
Same as kill shot.
dead rail
A
cushion that has either lost a degree of elastic resiliency or is not firmly bolted to the frame, in both cases causing balls to rebound with less energy than is normal.
dead stroke
When a player is playing flawlessly, just "cannot miss" and the game seems effortless.
deadweight
Describing a
pot played at such a pace as to just reach the
pocket and drop in without hitting the back.
deflection
Displacement of the cue ball's path away from the parallel line formed by the cue stick's direction of travel; occurs every time
english is employed. The degree of deflection increases as the amount of english applied increases. It is also called
squirt, typically in the United States.
The physics of the squirt or deflection phenomenon has been analyzed in other contexts, such as with ice-hockey pucks.
Squirt has also been applied metaphorically in sports journalism and the gaming press to describe the escape of a ball or puck from player control. However, it remains primarily a cue sports technical term, and does not appear to be frequently used as jargon in football, hockey, or other sports.
deliberate foul
A shot, especially common in straight pool and in some variants of blackball (but not WEPF/EPA rules), in which a player intentionally commits a
foul with the object in mind of either leaving the opponent with little chance of
running out or simply to avoid shooting where no good shot is presented and to do anything else would give the opponent an advantage. It is often referred to in straight pool as a "back scratch."
designate
Same as call. (Formal.)
develop
To move a ball (usually deliberately) from a safe position, e.g. close to the middle of a
cushion or in a
cluster, so that it becomes
pottable.
diamond
1.
One of a number of identical markings, usually inlaid into the surface above the rail cushions, used as target or reference points. Three equally spaced diamonds are normally between each pocket on a pool table. On a carom table, the pockets themselves are replaced by additional diamonds. Diamonds get their name from the shape of the markings traditionally used; though many today are round, square, etc., these rail markings are still referred to as "diamonds". They are also referred to as
sights, especially in British English.
(See also diamond system.)
2.
A particular shape of ball rack, in the form of a parallelogram ("diamond shape"), used for
racking games of nine-ball and seven-ball, though the
triangle rack can also be used for the former, and hexagonal racks also exist for the latter.
(See also triangle.)
diamond system
Any system for
banking or
kicking balls multiple rails which uses table
diamonds as aiming references.
discipline
1. A cue sports game (such as eight-ball, three-cushion billiards, 18.2 balkline, etc.), especially as a professional or serious amateur specialization: "He was a World Champion in three billiards disciplines."
2. An artistic pool term for a category of trick shots; artistic pool is divided into eight disciplines, and APTSA tournaments present both discipline-specific and all-around awards.
dish
Same as run out (chiefly British).
See also break and dish.
divot
An indentation in the
cloth of the table, especially at the
foot spot where the
apex ball is often tapped into secure position during
racking. In extreme cases, the indentation may actually be in the slate
bed of the table, from excessive tapping over many years, and can cause unexpected
table rolls. A
racking template is used to intentionally create minor divots for all of the balls in a rack.
dog
Also dog it.
1. A widespread term in US parlance describing missing a relatively easy shot—often in the face of pressure. Can be used in many forms: "I dogged the shot"; "I hope he dogs it"; "I'm such a dog." See also choke, one-stroke.
2.
Same as slop shot (chiefly Southern US, colloquial).
dots
In chiefly UK parlance, the non-striped ball
group of a fifteen ball set that are numbered 1 through 7 and have a solid color scheme.
Compare solids, reds, low, small, little, spots, unders; contrast stripes.
double
Same as bank shot (chiefly British).
double century
Also double-century break. In English billiards, a
break of 200–299
points (i.e. double a
century). Larger multi-centuries are regularly achieved. Rare in amateur play, triple centuries are routine (and quadruples not uncommon) at World Professional Billiards Championships; 2007 winner Mike Russell shot four triples in the final round alone, while of sixteen competitors, three shot quadruple centuries (one once, one twice, and Russell three times).
Quintuple centuries are rare even at the professional level, with only the 494 shot by nine-time world champion Russell (who has more such titles than any other player in history (
Category:As of (edit | talk | history | links | watch | logs) coming close in that event. As of 2007, Peter Gilchrist holds the world record, at a
tredectuple century (and then some) of 1346 consecutive points.
double cheeseburger, the
Same as hill, hill.
double-elimination
Also double elimination. A tournament format in which a player must lose two matches in order to be eliminated. Contrast single-elimination.
double hit
An illegal shot (
foul) in which the cue stick's
tip contacts the
cue ball twice during a single
stroke. Double hits often occur when a player shoots the cue ball when it is very close to an
object ball or
cushion, because it is difficult to move the cue stick away quickly enough after the cue ball rebounds from the cushion or object ball.
double kiss
A situation in which a ball strikes another ball which is close to a rail and the struck ball rebounds back into the ball it was hit by; usually but not always unintended.
double shimmed
A pool table where two shims have been placed on the sides of each pocket (in the
jaws beneath the cloth), making the pockets "tighter" (smaller). Such tables are "tougher" than unshimmed or single-shimmed tables.
double the rail
Sometimes called a snake shot. A carom billiards shot, common in three-cushion billiards, where the cue ball is shot with
reverse english at a relatively shallow angle down the rail, and spins backwards off the adjacent rail back into the first rail.
double the pocket
To intentionally rebound the
cue ball off both of the
pocket points to achieve
position.
doubles
A form of team play in which two players compete against another team of two players in any given
frame or
match. In a doubles game, the first player from the breaking team is the only one who shoots during the opening
inning, with control of the table passing to a member of the opposing team at the end of that inning, then upon the end of the opponent's inning to the doubles partner of the original player, and next to the second opponent, play proceeding in this doubly alternating manner until concluded.
Contrast Scotch doubles.
down-table
Toward the
foot of the table.
down-trou
Also downtrou. New Zealand: A traditional informal (
pub pool and university student) rule, in blackball and eight-ball is the "down-trou" requirement: One who loses without pocketing any of one's own
object balls is expected to honor this humiliation by dropping one's pants.
(See also pantsed.)
drag shot
A shot played slowly and with heavy
draw and
follow-through so that the
cue ball can be struck firmly but with a lot of the pace taken out, allowing more control than just a gentle tap that would travel as far. Also called "Drag Draw".
draw
Also known as
back spin, a type of spin applied to the
cue ball by hitting it below its
equator, causing it to spin backwards even as it slides forward on the cloth. Back spin slows the cue ball down, reduces its travel, and narrows both the
carom angle after contact with an
object ball, and
angle of reflection off a
cushion. There are several variant terms for this, including "bottom" and "bottom spin" in the US and "screw" in the UK. Draw is thought to be the first spin technique understood by billiards players prior to the introduction of leather tips, and was in use by the 1790s.
See illustration at spin.
draw shot
A shot in which the
cue ball is struck below its equator with sufficient
draw to make it reverse direction at the moment of contact with an
object ball because it is still
back-spinning. When the object and cue balls are lined up square, the reversal will be directly backwards, while on a cut shot, the effect will alter the
carom angle. It can also refer to any shot to which draw is applied, as in "draw it off the foot rail just to the left of the center diamond".
See illustration at spin.
drill
1. A set practice routine;
2. To beat badly; "I drilled my opponent."
3. In British terminology, a
bank shot.
drop pockets
Netted or cupped pockets that do not return the balls to the foot end of the table by means of a gutter system or sloped surface beneath (they must instead be retrieved manually).
duck
1. (Noun): Derived from "sitting duck", usually referring to an
object ball sitting close to a
pocket or so positioned that is virtually impossible to miss.
Same as hanger (US, colloquial), sitter (UK).
2. (Verb): To intentionally play a
safety.
dump
To intentionally lose a game, e.g. to disguise one's actual playing ability. An extreme form of
sandbagging.
See also hustle. See also Match fixing for the synonym "tank", used in sports more generally.
8 ball
Also the 8. The
money ball (
game ball or
frame ball) in a game of eight-ball. It is the last ball that must be
pocketed, after the
suit of seven
object balls belonging to the player shooting for the 8 (pocketing the 8 ball early is a loss of game—unless done
on the break, in most rules variants). It is usually black in colour with the numeral "8" in a white circle. In other games, such as nine-ball and straight pool, the 8 is simply an object ball. Due to its striking coloration and regular use as a money ball, it is commonly used as a symbol in popular culture.
end rail
Either of the two shorter
rails of a billiards or pocket billiards table.
english
Chiefly American: Also known as
side spin, english (which is usually not capitalized) is
spin placed on the
cue ball when hit with the cue
tip to the left or right of the ball's center. English has a marked effect on
cue ball rebound angle off
cushions (though not off
object balls), and is thus crucial for gaining
shape; and can be used to "
throw" an object ball slightly off its otherwise expected trajectory, to
cheat the pocket, and for other effects. "English" is sometimes used more inclusively, to colloquially also refer to
follow and
draw. In combination one could say bottom-right english, or like the face of a clock (4 o'clock english). The British and Irish do not use this term, instead preferring "
side".
See illustration at spin.
equator
The horizontal plane directly in the center of the
cue ball, which when hit exactly by the
cue tip should impart no
follow or
draw.
escape
A successful attempt to get out of a
snooker.
extension
1. Any mechanical aid that serves to extend the length of the player's cue, normally added to the end of the
butt either by clipping around the end or screwing into the base. Though extensions are used for pool, it is more common in snooker because of the significantly larger table size.
2. In a tournament where players get limited time to make their shots (common in televised matches), an extension is extra time granted before making a shot; players have a limited number of extensions in each
frame.
face
Also cushion face. The protrusion of the playing edge of the
cushion from the
rail over the
bed of the table. The furthest-protruding point of the face is known as the
nose of the cushion. The
playing area of the table is the space between the faces (technically, the noses) of the cushions.
fall
1. Verb, passive, intransitive: For a ball to be pocketed. "The 8 ball fell early, so the game was over quickly."
2. Noun: The curved edge cut into the table
bed at which the hole of the
pocket actually begins inside the pocket
jaws. The fall may be a sheer drop, as on tournament-standard snooker tables, or have a beveled, down-sloping rim, as on pool tables. A ball is, of course, much more likely to
hang when there is no bevel. How far into the pocket the fall begins is one factor that determines "
pocket speed" or difficulty.
fast
1. Describes a billiard table with tightly woven and broken-in (but clean)
cloth (baize), upon which the balls move quicker and farther.
See table speed for more information.
2. Producing lively action; said of
cushions or of the balls, in addition to the above, cloth-related definition.
3. Unusually accepting of balls; said of pockets;
see pocket speed (sense 1) for more information. "
Slow" is the direct opposite of "fast" in all of these usages.
fat
See undercut.
fault
Same as foul (chiefly British, and declining in usage; even the WPA and WEFP blackball rules use "foul").
feather
Also feather shot. A very thin
cut shot in which the cue ball just brushes the edge of an object ball. "Feather" by itself can be both noun and verb (e.g. "feathering the ball").
See also snick.
felt
Same as cloth (deprecated; it is factually incorrect, as felt is a completely different kind of cloth from baize).
ferrule
A sleeve, permanently fitted onto the lathed-down tip end of the cue, made from fiberglass, phenolic resin, brass, ivory, horn or antler, melamine, plastic, or other rigid material, upon which the
cue tip is mounted and which protects the
shaft wood from splitting due to impact with the
cue ball.
firewood
Common slang in the U.S. for a cheap, poorly made cue.
Compare wood.
fish
1. An easy
mark;
2. A person who loses money gambling and keeps coming back for more;
3. Sometimes, a poor player;
4. As a verb, either to hit the balls hard with no intention in mind other than to get lucky and perhaps scatter the balls a bit more ("hit-and-hope"), or to shoot hard at the
money ball with the same intention ("smash-and-pray").
Compare slop and fluke; contrast mark (sense 3) and call.
flagrant foul
A
foul where the rules are blatantly, intentionally violated; in contexts in which this qualifies as unsportsmanlike conduct, a stiffer penalty may apply (e.g. loss of
frame) than normal for a foul.
flat-back pack
In snooker, a situation during a
frame in which the first line of the remaining
reds grouped together, where the original
pack was, are in a straight horizontal line. This has implications when opening the pack, as a
full-ball contact off the top cushion will usually cause the cue-ball to stick to the red and fail to develop a potting opportunity.
fluke
A shot that has an ostensibly positive outcome for the player, although it was not what the player intended. Examples of flukes include an unexpected
pot off several
cushions or other balls having missed the pocket aimed for, or a lucky
safety position after having missed a shot. Many players are apologetic after a fluke, and in most games such an accident is a loss of turn. Some rule sets (most notably those of nine-ball and related games generally, and the eight-ball rules of the American Poolplayers Association and its affiliates) count flukes as valid, point-making shots.
Compare fish and slop; contrast mark (sense 3) and call.
follow
The forward rotation of the
cue ball that results from a
follow shot. Also known as
top spin or
top, follow is applied to the
cue ball by hitting it above its
equator, causing it to spin more rapidly in the direction of travel than it would simply by rolling on the cloth from a center-ball hit. Follow speeds the cue ball up, and widens both the
carom angle after contact with an
object ball, and
angle of reflection off a
cushion.
See illustration at spin.
follow shot
A shot in which the
cue ball is struck above its equator with sufficient
top spin to cause the cue ball to travel forward after it contacts an
object ball. When a cue ball with follow on it contacts an object ball squarely (a center-to-center hit), the cue ball travels directly forward through the space previously occupied by the object ball (and can sometimes even be used to pocket a second ball). By contrast, on a cut shot, a cue ball with follow on it will first travel on the
tangent line after striking the object ball, and then arc forward, widening the
carom angle.
See illustration at spin.
follow-through
On a shot, the extension of the cue stick through the
cue ball position during the end of a player's stroke in the direction originally aimed.
Chiefly American: The half of the table in which the
object balls are
racked (in games in which racked balls are used). This usage is conceptually opposite that in British English, where this end of the table is called the
top.
Contrast head.
Chiefly American: The
cushion on the
foot rail.
Compare top cushion; contrast head cushion.
Chiefly American: The
short rail at the
foot of the table. Frequently used imprecisely, to mean
foot cushion.
Compare top rail; contrast head rail.
The point on the table surface over which the apex ball of a rack is centered (in most games). It is the point half the distance between the
long rails' second diamonds from the end of the racking end of the table. The foot spot is the intersection of the
foot string and the
long string, and is typically marked with a cloth or paper decal on pool tables.
Contrast head spot.
An imaginary line running horizontally across a billiards table from the second diamond (from the foot end of the table) on one long rail to the corresponding second diamond on the other long rail. The foot string intersects the
long string at the
foot spot. It is rarely drawn on the table.
forced shot
Same as cheating the pocket. Principally used in snooker.
force follow
A powerful
follow shot with a high degree of
top spin on it; usually when the
object ball being hit is relatively close to the
cue ball and is being hit very full; also known as "prograde top spin" or "prograde follow" (when referring to the action on the shot rather than the shot
per se), and as a "
jenny" in Australia.
forward spin
Same as follow (top spin).
foul
Sometimes interchangeable with scratch, though the latter is often used only to refer to the foul of pocketing the cue ball.
A violation of a particular game's rules for which a set penalty is imposed. In many pool games the penalty for a foul is ball-in-hand anywhere on the table for the opponent. In some games such as straight pool, a foul results in a loss of one or more points. In one-pocket, in which a set number of balls must be made in a specific pocket, upon a foul the player must return a ball to the table. In some games, three successive fouls in a row is a loss of game. In straight pool, a third successive foul results in a loss of 16 points (15 plus one for the foul).
Possible foul situations (non-exhaustive):
frame
A term especially used in snooker and blackball but also in the US for each
rack from the
break off until a
clearance, losing foul or concession has been made. A
match is made up of several frames.
See also game (sense 1), which has a slightly broader meaning.
frame ball
Same as game ball (chiefly in snooker and blackball). The term is sometimes used figuratively, to refer to the last difficult shot required to win.
free ball
Also free shot.
A situation where a player has fouled, leaving the opponent snookered. In UK eight-ball this would normally give the opponent the option of one of two plays: (1) ball-in-hand with two shots; (2) being allowed to contact, or even pot, a ball other than one from his/her set from the snookered position (although the black may not be potted), with the loss of the first shot. In addition, some variations of the game allow the player to pot one of the opposition's balls, on the first visit only, without the loss of a "free shot".
In snooker it allows a player to call any ball as the ball she/he would have wanted to play, potting it for the same number of points, or the opponent can be put back in without the same privilege, having to play the ball snookered on. The definition of snooker on this occasion means the opponent cannot strike both extreme edges of the object ball (or a cluster of touching balls).
free stroking
1. Pocketing well and quickly but without much thought for position play.
2. Playing loose and carefree.
3.
Same as dead stroke.
freeze up
To dedicate a set amount of money that a gambling match will be played to; no one may quit until one player or the other has won the "frozen up" funds.
frozen
Chiefly American: A resting ball that is in actual contact with a
cushion or with one or more other balls is said to be "frozen" (or, colloquially, "froze") to that cushion or the touching ball(s).
(For frozen combination/combo, frozen kiss, etc., that is almost impossible to miss, see the more common variants under dead). The chiefly British "
tight" is equivalent to "frozen", but only applied to frozen/tight to a cushion, not to another ball. For situations in which the
cue ball is frozen to an
object ball, different rule sets have different approaches. In some, the cue ball must be addressed with the cue at an angle at least 45 degrees divergent from an imaginary line running through the center of the balls, to minimize chances of a
push shot. In snooker (and some British pool rules), this is called a
touching ball, and the cue ball must be shot away from the object ball without the latter moving.
full
Also full-ball. A type of
contact between two balls from which no or little angle is created between their paths; the contact required to
pot a straight shot. It is commonly used in reference to how much of an
object ball a player can see with the
cue ball: "Can you hit that full?".
fundamentals
The basic actions necessary to shoot well—
stance, grip,
stroke,
bridge,
follow-through and
pre-shot routine.
game
1. Play, from the opening
break shot until one player has won (or the game has been halted for some reason by a referee). Games are the units that make up
matches,
races (in some senses of that term) and
rounds.
Essentially the same as frame, except with regards to straight pool, which is a multi-rack game.
2. An identifiable, codifiable set of rules. pool is not a game, but a class of games. Nine-ball is a game.
3.
Note: There are also slang usages, such as "to have game" (to be a good player, as in "he['s] got game") and "to be game" (to be willing to play or to gamble, as in "yeah, I'm game, so let's see what you've got"). But these usages are not particular to cue sports.
game ball
The ball required to win the
rack. In snooker and blackball it is called the
frame ball.
See also money ball.
games on the wire
To give a
handicap to an opponent where they have to win a specified number fewer games than the other player in order to triumph in the
match. The name refers to posting games on the scorekeeping mechanism known as a
wire or
scoring string, though the phrase may still be employed when no actual use of the particular device is available or intended.
gapper
An agreement between two players in a tournament, one of whom will advance to a guaranteed money prize if the match is won, to give a certain percentage of that money to the loser of the match. Also known as a
saver.
gather shot
In the carom games, any shot where the end result is all the balls near each other; ideally, in position for the start of a
nurse on the next stroke.
general average
Abr. = GA, term from carom billiards. The number indicates the overall relation between the points and innings (points ÷ innings = GA) a player has made throughout the whole tournament. E. g. 125 points in 56 innings is a GA of 2.232, Higher numbers indicate better players
gentlemen's call
Also gentleman's call. An informal approach to the "call-everything" variation of
call-shot, common in
bar pool. Obvious shots, such as a straight-on or near-straight shot for which the shooter is clearly aiming and which could not be mistaken for another shot, need not be called.
Bank shots,
kicks,
caroms and
combinations are usually less obvious and generally must be called, though this may depend upon the mutual skill level and shot selection perception of the players. An opponent has the right to ask what the shooter's intention is, if this is unclear.
ghost ball
A common aiming method in which a phantom ball is imagined
frozen to the object ball at the point where an imaginary line drawn between their centers is aimed at the desired target; the cue ball may then be shot at the center of the "ghost" ball and, ideally, impact the object ball at the proper aiming contact point. The ghost ball method of aiming results in misses where adjustment is not made for
collision induced throw.
go off
Describes the propensity of a player losing small sums of money at gambling to suddenly sharply increase the stakes; often continuing to lose until broke.
Compare Chasing one's money.
golden break
(Chiefly British.) In nine-ball a
break shot that pots the
9 ball without
fouling, in which case the player wins in one shot.
See also on the snap.
goose neck
Also goose-neck rest. Same as swan.
grapefruit
Colloquial term for an unusually large, heavy
cue ball made of the same phenolic resin or other modern, resilient plastic as the
object balls. "Grapefruit" cue balls are frequently found on older coin-operated
bar tables that do not have magnetic
ball-return mechanisms. As with excessively dense, ceramic "
rock" cue balls, the ball return works because the cue ball is considerably heavier than, and thereby distinguishable from, the object balls. Unlike "rocks", grapefruit balls are not prone to excessive equipment wear and tear. But because of their unusually large size, they have a very strong affect on the
tangent line and thus on the accuracy of
cut shots. Their weight also has a notable effect on play, as they are somewhat more difficult to
draw (
screw),
stop and
stun compared to standard and
magnetic cue balls, but not to the extent of the much less resilient rock balls. Like rocks, grapefruits do generate a large amount of
smash-through.
green
1. Nearly table-length distance between the cue ball and target object ball, or between an object ball and target pocket, i.e. a potentially difficult shot due to distance ("you sure left me a lot of green on that one")
2. The
cloth covering the table ("oh no, you just ripped the green")
3. The
green ball ("that was a great shot on the green")
4. Money ("I won a lot of green last night from that wannabe hustler")
green ball
Also the green. In snooker, the
colour ball that is worth three points, being the second-least valuable colour behind the
yellow. It is one of the
baulk colours, and is placed on the
green spot. In some (especially American) snooker ball sets it is numbered "3" on its surface.
green spot
The
spot (usually not specially marked because it is obvious) on a snooker table at which the
green ball is placed. Regardless of table size, it is the intersection of
the "D" and the
balk line on the
breaker's left side. The left-to-right order of the green,
brown and
yellow balls is the subject of the mnemonic phrase "
God
bless
you".
green pocket
In snooker, the
corner pocket that is closest to the
green spot.
grip
1. The way in which a player holds the
butt end of the cue stick.
2. The wrap of the cuestick where the hand is placed, also known as the "grip area."
group
Same as suit, predominantly in British terminology, i.e., in eight-ball either of the set of seven balls (
reds or
yellows) that must be cleared before
potting the black. Generally used in the generic, especially in rulesets or articles, rather than colloquially by players.
gully table
1. A table with a
ball return system, as opposed to a
drop pocket table.
2.
Also gutter table. Same as bar table.
half-ball hit
A shot aimed so that the center of the cue ball is in line with the edge of the object ball, eclipsing half of the ball. "Hit it just a little thinner than half-ball." Assuming a
cling does not occur, the shot will impart post-contact momentum on the object ball in a direction 30° (which is
arcsin
(
1
−
x
)
, where
x
is the fraction of object ball eclipsed:
1⁄2 in this case) off the direction of the cue-ball's pre-contact momentum. Also notable because the carom angle the cue ball takes is more consistent than at other contact points.
half-century
In snooker and other British usages, a
break of 50–99 points (100 points or more being called a century), which involves
potting at least 12 consecutive balls (i.e. the last 3 reds with at least 2 blacks and a pink, followed by all the colours).
hand chalk
A misnomer for hand
talc.
handicapping
Modification of the rules and/or scoring of a game to enable players of variable abilities to compete on a more even playing field. Examples of handicapping include
spotting balls and giving
games on the wire to an opponent. In league play, common forms of handicapping include awarding compensating
points to a lesser-skilled team, or using numerical player ranking systems to adjust final scores between opponents of different skill levels. A player's
handicap is such a numerical rank.
See Handicapping main article for more general information on sports handicapping.
hang
Said of a ball, to come to rest partially over the edge of a
pocket's
fall but still resting on the table
bed. Because of ball curvature, if the very bottom of the ball is not over the sharp rim or beveled slope (depending on table type) of the pocket's fall, the ball will not drop into the pocket. As much as approximately 49% of a ball's diameter can be hanging over the sharp drop of a standard snooker table fall, but considerably less on a typical pool table, with beveled falls. A ball
hanging in the pocket – a "
hanger" – is nearly unmissable (though
fouling by
scratching the
cue ball into the pocket right after the
object ball is a common mistake. Can be used in a transitive sense in reference to player action: "You hung that one right on the edge".
hanger
1. An easily shot
object ball that is "
hanging" in the
pocket.
2. By extension, any extremely easy shot, even in carom billiards which has no pockets.
have the nuts
Be in a game where either because of disparity in skill level, or because of a
handicap given, it would be very difficult to lose.
having the cue ball on a string
Used when describing perfect cue ball
position play.
hazard
1. Literally, a
pocket, but generally used in the phrases
losing hazard –
potting (
pocketing) the
cue ball off another ball – and
winning hazard – using the cue ball to pot another ball – the two types of legal shots that pocket balls in games in which the term is used at all, which is very few today. The term principally survives in English billiards, in which both types of shots are
point-scoring. Formerly, a large number of different games made use of the two types of hazards as point scorers or losers in various ways (thus their suggestive names). The term ultimately derives from holes or pockets in the table to be avoided, in very early forms of billiards. While the terms are disused in pocket billiards today, their lingering effect is obvious, as the vast bulk of such games focus on making winning hazards and avoiding losing hazards (a notable exception being Russian pyramid in which both are legal shots).
2. In golf billiards, an area of the table (sometimes marked) that a player will be penalized for entering if their ball does not leave. Derives from the use of the term in the outdoor game of golf.
head
Chiefly American: The half of the table from which the
break shot is taken. This usage is conceptually opposite that in British English, where this end of the table is called the
bottom.
Contrast foot. See also kitchen.
head cushion
Chiefly American: The
cushion on the
head rail.
Compare bottom cushion; contrast foot cushion.
head rail
Chiefly American: The
short rail at the
head of the table. Traditionally this is the rail on which the table manufacturer's logo appears.
Compare bottom rail, baulk rail; contrast foot rail, top rail.
head spot
The intersection of the
head string and
long string, which is usually not marked on a table with a spot decal or other mark, unlike the
foot spot, though some pool halls mark both spots so that racking can be done at either end of the table, and wear on
the cloth from racking and breaking is more evenly distributed.
Compare baulk spot.
head string
A line, sometimes imaginary (especially in American pool), sometimes drawn on the cloth, that runs horizontally across the table from the second
diamond (from the
head rail) on one
long rail to the corresponding second diamond on the other long rail. In most pool games, the opening break shot must be performed with the center (base) of the cue ball behind the head string (i.e. between the head string and head rail). The head string intersects the
long string at the
head spot, and delimits the
kitchen (and, in European nine-ball, the outer boundary of the
break box). The head string's position is always determined by the diamonds, in contrast to the similar but different
baulk line, the position of which is determined by measurement from the
bottom cushion (
head cushion).
heads up
Same as straight up.
heart
The strength of a player's will to win; the ability to overcome pressure; "he showed a lot of heart in making that comeback."
high
1.
Also highs, high balls, high ones. In eight-ball and related games, to be shooting the striped
suit (
group) of balls (9 through 15); "you're high balls" or "I've got the highs" ("you're high" is rare, because of the "intoxication" ambiguity).
Compare stripes, yellows, big ones, overs; contrast low.
2. With
follow, as in "I shot that high left", meaning "I shot that with follow and with left
english". Derives from the fact that one must aim above the
cue ball's equator, i.e. "high" on the ball, to impart follow. "With" is optional (e.g. "I shot that with high left" or "I shot that high left").
Contrast low.
3. In snooker, same as "
above", as in "she'll want to finish high on the black to allow position on the red".
4. With
run (UK:
break), a lengthy series of successful shots;
see high run, high break.
high break
UK: Essentially the same as
high run, but applied to snooker and by extension to pool, especially blackball and British eight-ball pool: A
break (series of successful
pots) running into large numbers for that player's skill level.
high run
Also (rarely) high-run, hi-run, highrun, etc.
A series of successful shots (a run) that is lengthy for the player's skill level. The exact implication is dependent upon context, e.g. "my high run at three-cushion is 15", "Jones had the highest run of the tournament", "that was a pretty high run you just did", etc. Used congratulatorily, it may be phrased "good run", "great run", "nice run", etc. See also high break.
hill
See on the hill, hill-hill.
hill-hill
The point in
match play where both players (or teams) need only one more
game (
frame) victory to win the match or
race.
See also on the hill, rubber match.
hit and hope
A shot where the player is relying on luck for a favorable outcome, because no better shot exists.
ho
Also ho ball(s). An exhortatory cry to a ball or balls to slow down or come to a stop, often made when overshooting position with the cue ball.
hold the spot
In snooker, to leave the
cue ball ball on the
spot of a
colour ball after
potting it. This is usually performed where
re-spotting of the colour ball would cause
positional problems for the player, such as blocking available pots on one or more
red balls.
hook
1.
Same as snooker (verb)
2.
Same as hook rest.
hook rest
Also the hook. In snooker, a type of
mechanical bridge that has only recently been endorsed by the WPBSA to allow its use in major tournament play. It is a normal rest with the head in line with the
shaft, but the last foot or so of the shaft is curved. This allows players to position the curved end around an obstructing ball that would have otherwise left them
hampered on the
cue ball and in need of a
spider or
swan with
extensions, which would have less control.
horn
Same as knuckle. By analogy to animal horns, not the musical instruments.
house
1. The venue in which the game is being played, e.g. a snooker hall,
pool bar, etc.
2. The
kitchen or
baulk area of a Russian billiards table; from Russian:
дома,
translit. doma,
lit. 'house'.
house cue
Usually a one-piece cue freely available for use by patrons in bars/pubs and pool halls.
house man
A pool room employee who plays with a good degree of skill.
house rack
A pejorative term for an improper rack in which the balls are not properly in contact with their neighbors, often resulting in a poor spread on the break.
house rules
The rules played in a particular venue not necessarily in comportment with official rules, or with common local
bar pool custom.
hug the rail
Describes a ball rolling along a rail in contact or near contact with it, or which makes multiple successive contacts with the rail.
See velcro.
hustle
To play for money and lull a victim into thinking they can win, prompting them to accept higher and higher stakes, until beating them and walking off with more money than they would have been willing to bet had they been beaten soundly in the beginning. The terms hustler, for one who hustles, and hustling, describing the act, are just as common if not more so than this verb form. See also sandbag, on the lemonade, lemonade stroke, shark, dump.
illegal
As in many other sports, "illegal" means causing or likely to cause a
foul (the opposite being
legal).
(See legal for specific examples of usage.)
in-hand
1.
Shortening of ball-in-hand.
2. In snooker, the ability to place the
cue ball anywhere inside the boundaries of
the D. This occurs at the start of a
frame, and after the cue ball has been
potted or forced off the table.
inning
A player's (or
doubles team's) turn at the table, usually ending with a failure to score a
point or to
pocket a ball, depending on the game, a
foul, a
safety or with a win. In some games, such as five-pins and killer, a player's inning is always limited to one shot, regardless of the intent and result of the shot. Usually synonymous with
visit, except in
scotch doubles format. The term is sometimes used to mean both players'/teams' visits combined, e.g. when referring to which inning in which a memorable shot occurred.
in-off
(Chiefly British.) In snooker and blackball/eight-ball pool, an instance where the
cue ball has been
potted (
pocketed) after contacting an
object ball. It is a
fault (
foul) in most games. There is no equivalent (current) American term for this specific means of pocketing the white ball.
Compare losing hazard, scratch.
in-or-over shot
(Chiefly British.) In a
snookers required situation in snooker, a shot played by the player defending the lead, where he plays the
object ball in such a way as to try to slowly
pot (
pocket) it, so that if it misses, at least it is over the pocket and difficult to obtain the required snooker from.
inside english
(Chiefly U.S.)
Side spin (
english) placed on a same side of the
cue ball as the direction in which the
object ball is being
cut (left-hand
english when cutting a ball to the left, and vice versa). In addition to affecting cue ball position, inside english can increase
throw.
in sight
(Chiefly British) Said of an
object ball that can easily be reached by the
cue ball, or of a pocket that can easily be reached by a selected object ball, usually directly (i.e. without intervening
kick,
bank,
carom,
kiss or
combination shots).
Compare see.
in stroke
Cueing and timing the balls well; in good form, where
pocketing (
potting),
safety and clarity of thinking seem to come easily. A player who had not been doing well but then suddenly picks up (as happens during the course of many matches) may be said to
catch a stroke.
See also stroke.
insurance ball
A ball that is easily made from many positions on the table but which is left untouched while the rack is played, so that in the event the player gets out of position, the shooter has an insurance shot. Typically an insurance ball will be in or near the
jaws of a pocket.
in the balls
In snooker, a phrase used to describe a situation where the player has an easy
pot and in general the balls are in a position to go on to make a sizeable
break.
Compare set up (sense 4).
in the money
In a tournament, to
place high enough to receive a payout. E.g., in a tournament that pays from 1st down to 5th places, to be at least 5th place is to be in the money.
in turn
When a particular ball is given as a
handicap in nine-ball, designating that ball
in turn means that it must be made in rotation, when it is the lowest numerical ball remaining on the table, and cannot be made to garner a win earlier in the game by way of a combination, carom or any other shot. For example, if a player is
spotted the 8 ball, he only wins by making that ball after balls 1 through 7 have been cleared from the table. The phrase is not common in the U.S.
Irish linen
Linen made from flax and produced in Ireland which is often used to wrap the gripping area of the
butt of a cue.
jack up
1. To elevate the back of the cue on a shot.
2. In gambling, to "jack up a bet" means to increase the stakes.
jail
When a player is on the receiving end of a devastating safety where it is very difficult or near impossible to make a legal hit on an object ball.
jam up
Adjectival expression for a player's deadly game; "watch out, he plays jam up."
jawed ball
A ball that fails to drop into a pocket after bouncing back and forth between the
jaws of a pocket.
jaws
The inside walls of a
pockets.
jenny
Chiefly Australian: Same as a force follow shot.
jigger
Same as cross.
joint
The interlocking connection between the butt and shaft ends of a two-piece cue stick. Usually connects via means of a steel or wooden
pin, and may be protected by a
collar of metal or some other material, or may connect wood-on-wood.
joint protectors
Plugs that screw into the joint when a two-piece cue is broken down to keep foreign objects and moisture from contacting the joint mechanism.
jump
Also jump shot. Any shot where the
cue ball is intentionally jumped into the air to clear an obstacle (usually an
object ball, even in games with non-ball objects, e.g. bottle pool). Jump shots must be performed by hitting the
cue ball into the table's surface so that it rebounds from the
cloth. Scooping under the cue ball to fling it into the air is deemed a foul by all authoritative rules sources, as the cue ball is technically struck twice, once by the
tip, once by the
ferrule. A legal jump shot works by compressing the cue ball slightly against the
slate under the cloth, causing it to spring upward when the downward pressure of the cue is released. Naturally, non-standard "
rock" cue balls (made of ceramic, much denser than the more typical phenolic resin and other plastics used for billiard balls) are not well-suited to jump shots. Some billiard halls and even entire leagues prohibit all jump (and usually also
massé) shots, out of fears of damage to the equipment, especially the cloth. Specialized
jump cues exist to better facilitate jump shots; they are usually shorter and lighter, and with harder tips, than normal cues. Jump shots that go through or into objects rather than over them are common in trick shot (artistic pool and artistic billiards) competition.
jump cue
Also jump stick. A
cue dedicated to
jumping balls; usually shorter and lighter than a playing cue and having a wider, harder
tip.
jump draw
A rare and very difficult trick
jump shot that turns into a
draw shot upon landing. Requires precise application of
spin in addition to the precise application of ball pressure to effectuate the jump. Jump draws are fairly often seen in professional trick shot competition.
jump massé
A rare and extremely difficult trick
jump shot that turns into a
massé upon landing. Requires very precise application of
spin in addition to the precise application of ball pressure to effectuate the jump. Turn-of-the-20th-century World Balkline Champion Jacob Schaefer Sr. was known to daringly perform jump massés in competition.
key ball
The
object ball involved in a
key shot.
key shot
1. A shot or ball that allows a player to obtain
shape on another ball hard to play position to.
2. A shot or ball that is the "key" to
running out.
3. The 14th
object ball in a rack of straight pool that, when proper position is achieved on, allows easy position play, in turn, on the last (15th) object ball for an intergame break shot.
kick
1.
Short for kick shot. Also used as a verb, "to kick [at]" (US).
2.
Same as cling (US) and skid (British). Noun, verb and rare adjective usage as per "cling".
kick shot
A shot in which the
cue ball is driven to one or more
rails (
cushions in British English) before reaching its intended target—usually an
object ball. Often shortened to 'kick'.
kill shot
Also kill. A shot intended to slow down or "kill" the
cue ball's speed as much as possible after contact with an
object ball; usually a shot with
draw, often combined with
inside english. Also known as a
dead ball shot.
kiss
An instance of contact between balls, usually used in the context of describing an
object ball contacting another object ball (e.g. "the 2 ball kissed off the 12 ball"), or in snooker the cue ball making contact with some object ball after the initial contact with a
ball on. If the player's
intention was to cause two object balls to kiss (e.g. to pocket a shot ball by ricocheting it off a stationary one), it is often called a
kiss shot.
Compare double kiss; contrast carom.
kiss shot
A shot in which the object is to
pocket (
pot) an
object ball by striking it with the
cue ball and then having the object ball ricochet off another object ball into a
pocket.
kitchen
The area on the table behind the
head string. The origin of the term has been the subject of some speculation but the best explanation known is that in the 1800s, many homes did not have room for both a billiard table and a dining room table. The solution was a billiards table that had a cover converting it into a dining table. Kept in the dining room, play on such a table was often restricted by the size of the room, so it would be placed so that the head rail would face the connected kitchen door, thus affording a player room for the backswing without hitting a wall. A player was therefore either half or sometimes fully (literally) "in the kitchen" when breaking the balls.
See also baulk.
knuckle
One of two jutting curves of the
noses of the
cushions on either side of each
pocket where cushion and pocket meet, forming the
jaw of the pocket. The knuckles are protrusive and comparatively sharp on a pool table, and can be used like a basketball backboard to rebound a ball into a pocket. On billiard tables for snooker, English billiards, Russian pyramid and various other games, the knuckles are rounded, and thwart the backboard effect. The curvature of snooker and English billiards knuckles are determined by
pocket templates produced by the World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association. The knuckle is also known as a
point,
horn or
titty, depending on area and company.
ladies' aid
Also lady's aid. A denigrating term for the
mechanical bridge.
lag
Also
the lag (as a noun)
lagging,
lag for the break and
lagging for the break. To determine the order of play, players (representing only themselves, or sometimes teams) each near simultaneously shoot a ball from the
kitchen (or in British games, from the
baulk line) to the
end rail and back toward the
bottom rail. Whichever shooter's ball comes to rest closest to the bottom rail gets to choose who
breaks. It is permissible but not required for the lagged ball to touch or rebound from the bottom rail, but not to touch the side rails. Lagging is usually a two-party activity, though there are games such as cutthroat in which three players might lag. In the case of a tie, the tying shooters re-lag. The lag is most often used in tournament play or other competitions. In hard-break games like nine-ball and eight-ball the winner of the lag would normally take the break, while in soft-break games like straight pool would likely require the loser of the lag to break, since breaking would be a disadvantage.
See also string-off.
last-pocket
Also last pocket. A common rule in informal
bar pool, especially bar/pub eight-ball, in which the
money ball must be
pocketed (
potted) in the same pocket as the shooter's last
object ball (each player may be said to eventually "own" a pocket, for the duration of the game, in which their 8 ball shot must be played if they have already run out their
suit). The variant is not extremely common in the United States or the UK, but is near-universal in much of Latin America (where two
cue ball scratches are permitted when attempting the 8 ball shot and count as simple fouls, with only a third scratch constituting a loss of game). Last pocket is also common in North Africa. Last-pocket rules require careful
position play, and frequently result in
bank and
kick shots with the 8 ball.
league
An organization that promotes competitive, usually team, amateur cue sports, most commonly pool, especially eight-ball and nine-ball, although there are also well-established snooker leagues. Some leagues, many of which are decades old, are entirely local and either informal or incorporated, and may use their own local rules or may have adopted more widely published rulesets, such as those of the WPA. Other leagues are organized on a multi-regional or even international level, and may be non-profit or for-profit enterprises, usually with their own fine-tuned rule books. Despite differences, the largest leagues are increasingly converging toward the WPA rules, with the exception of the APA/CPA, which retains rules much closer to US-style
bar pool. At least four major pool leagues hold international championships in Las Vegas, Nevada annually (APA/CPA, BCAPL, VNEA and ACS/CCS). Some leagues also offer
one-on-one tournaments,
scotch doubles events, artistic pool competition, and other non-team activities.
(See Category:Cue sports leagues for a listing of articles on various leagues.)
leave
The cue ball's position after a shot. "Good" or "bad" in reference to a leave describe respectively and advantageous or disadvantageous position for the next shot, or to leave an incoming opponent
safe.
See also position play; compare position, shape.
legal
As in many other sports, "legal" means not causing or likely to cause a
foul (the opposite being
illegal). A legal
hit is one in which the requirements for a non-foul hit are met (e.g., in nine-ball, the lowest-numbered ball on the table was hit by the
cue ball first, and at least one
object ball was
pocketed, or any ball reached a
cushion, after the hit on the first object ball.). A legal
shot is one in which no foul of any kind was involved (e.g. there was not a
double hit by the cue, the player's
bridge hand did not move a ball, etc.). A legal
stroke is one in which the cue
stroke obeyed the rules (e.g. the shooter did not perform an illegal
jump shot by scooping under the cue ball with the cue
tip). A legal
ball is a
ball-on, an object ball at which it is permissible for the player to shoot. And so on. The term can be used in many ways consistent with these examples ("legal pocket" in one-pocket, "legal equipment" under tournament specifications, etc.).
left
Short for left english (side), i.e. spin imparted to the
cue ball by
stroking it to the lefthand side of its vertical axis.
Contrast right.
lemon
A player is said to be a "lemon," "lemon man," or "playing on the lemon" when he intentionally plays below his true ability in order to attract more gambling action and win more money. Players who fall for the ruse would be less likely to gamble with the lemon man if he showed his full ability at all times.
lemonade stroke
An intentionally amateurish stroke to disguise one's ability to play.
Compare on the lemonade.
let out
To allow an opponent to stop playing a set for money in exchange for something. If a player is winning a set by a wide margin, with $100 on the line, the player could say, "I'll let you out now for $75." This is usually meant to save pride.
little
Also littles, little ones, little balls.
In eight-ball, to be shooting the solid suit (group) of balls (1 through 7); "you're little, remember", "you're the little balls" or "I've got the littles". Compare small, solids, reds, low, spots, dots, unders; contrast big.
lock
A game that basically cannot be lost based on disparity of skill levels; "this game is a lock for him."
lock artist
Someone talented at making
lock games.
lock up
The act of playing a devastating safety which leaves the opponent in a situation where it is very difficult or near impossible to make a legal hit on an object ball.
See also jail.
long bank
A
cross-corner bank shot from one end of the table to the other (i.e. across the
center string). Long banks are considerably more difficult, because of the smaller margin for error due to distance and angle widening, than
cross-side banks and short cross-corner banks from the same end of the table.
long double
Chiefly British: bank shot played up and down the longer length of the table off a
short rail and into a
corner pocket, as opposed to the more common bank across the short length into a
center pocket or corner.
long pot
In snooker, a
pot into any of the
corner pockets where the
cue ball had started in the opposite lengthwise half of the table. In other words, a pot in which the
cue ball or
object ball crosses an imaginary line joining the
middle pockets.
long rail
Same as side rail.
long string
An imaginary line dividing the table into two equal halves lengthwise. It intersects the
head string,
center string and
foot string at the
head spot,
center spot and
foot spot, respectively.
look back
To enter the loser bracket in a double elimination tournament, or otherwise slip in standing in other tournament formats (i.e., to lose a
game/
frame/
round/
match, but still remain in the competition).
losing hazard
Also loser. (Largely obsolete.) A shot in which the
cue ball is
potted after
caroming off another ball. In snooker and most pool games doing this would be a
fault (
foul), but the move will score
points in many games in which
hazards (as such) apply, such as English billiards, or in the final or game point in Cowboy pool. The term derives from this hazard costing the player points in early forms of billiards.
Compare in-off, scratch. Contrast winning hazard.
low
1.
Also lows, low balls, low ones. In eight-ball, to be shooting the solid
suit (
group) of balls (1 through 7); "you're low, remember", "you're low balls" or "I've got the lows."
Compare solids, reds, little, spots, dots, unders; contrast high.
2. With
draw, as in "I shot that low left", meaning "I shot that with draw and with left
english". Derives from the fact that one must aim below the
cue ball's equator, i.e. "low" on the ball, to impart draw.
Contrast high.
mace
The forerunner of the cue was the
mace, an implement similar to a light-weight golf club, with a foot that was generally used to shove rather than strike the cue ball. When the ball was
frozen against a
rail cushion, use of the mace was difficult (the foot would not fit under the edge of the cushion to strike the ball squarely), and by 1670 experienced players often used the tail or butt end of the mace instead.
magnetic cue ball
A
cue ball that, due to embedded iron content, is responsive enough to a strong magnet that a modern coin-operated
bar table with a magnetic
ball-return mechanism can distinguish and separate the cue ball from the
object balls. Magnetic cue balls are usually the same standard size as the object balls in the set, and near regulation weight, typically 0.5 to 1 ounce (14–28 g) heavier than the object balls. As such they do not suffer the playability problems of either excessively dense, ceramic "
rock" or notable oversized "
grapefruit" cue balls, and demonstrate only minimal
smash-through. Magnetic balls are standard equipment in some leagues, including the VNEA. Magnetics come in three construction types of iron embedded in the same phenolic resin or other modern, resilient plastic that the
object balls are made of: a solid metal core (prone to being off-center and not rolling true); small metal bars distributed around the interior of the ball (the most common, and less prone but not immune to balance defects); and tiny metal filings throughout the material (the most consistent, only made by one manufacturer, and expensive).
mark
1. The target of a scam or hustle;
2. A foolish person in a pool room;
3. To indicate where something is to be done. To "mark the pocket" means to indicate which pocket you intend to sink an
object ball.
Contrast fish.
massé
Also massé shot. A steep curve or complete reversal of cue ball direction without the necessity of any rail or object ball being struck, due to extreme spin imparted to the cue ball by a steeply elevated cue. Its invention is credited to François Mingaud. Compare semi-massé.
match
1. The overall competition between two players, two pairs of players or two teams of players, usually consisting of a predetermined number of
frames or
games (sometimes organized into
rounds). There are also specialized match formats where the game number is not predetermined;
see race and ahead race for examples.
2. To agree to rise to a higher wager, as in "$100? Yeah, I'll match that" (i.e., basically equivalent to "call a raise" in poker).
match ball
The ball required to guarantee victory in a match. Sometimes used figuratively to mean the last difficult ball required (chiefly British and usually used in multi-frame matches, particularly snooker).
match play
Also matchplay, match-play.
1. Chiefly British: Competitive play in matches with standings consequences, such as local snooker league competition or the World Snooker Championship, as opposed to practice, playing with friends at the pub, or hustling pool for money.
2. Chiefly American:
Same as one-on-one as applied to league play. (Definition appears to have been introduced by USA Pool League misapplying the term "match" to what is otherwise termed a "
race".)
maximum break
Also simply maximum. In snooker, the highest break attainable with the balls that are racked; usually 147 points starting by potting fifteen reds, in combination with blacks, and clearing the colours. Also called a 147 (one-four-seven). In six-red snooker, the maximum break is only 75 points, due to fewer red balls and thus fewer black-scoring opportunities. See also total clearance.
mechanical bridge
A special stick with a grooved, slotted or otherwise supportive end attachment that helps guide the cue stick – a stand-in for the
bridge hand. It is usually used only when the shot cannot be comfortably reached with a hand bridge. In American English, often shortened to
bridge or called a
bridge stick; the term
rake is also common.
An entire class of different mechanical bridges exist for snooker, called rests (see that entry for details), also commonly used in blackball and English billiards.
Mechanical bridges have many derogatory nicknames, such as "ladies' aid", "crutch", "granny stick", and "sissy stick", because of the perception by many amateur players that they are evidence of weak playing skills or technique (the opposite is actually true).
Small mechanical bridges, that stand on the table surface instead of being mounted on sticks, exist for disabled players who do not have or cannot use both hands or arms.
merry widow
Jargon word for a cue stick that does not feature points on the forearm.
middle pocket
Same as centre pocket.
middle spot
Same as center spot; uncommon.
miscue
A stroke in which the cue's tip glances or slips off the cue ball not effectively transferring the intended force. Usually the result is a bungled shot. Common causes include a lack of
chalk on the
cue tip, a poorly groomed cue tip and not stroking straight through the cue ball, e.g. because of
steering. Also the distinctive metallic sound made when a miscue occurs.
miss
In snooker, a shot where a player
fouls by missing the ball on altogether. The miss rule allows for his opponent to have the player play exactly the same shot again, or at least as accurately as the
referee is able to reproduce the ball positions. A miss usually occurs when a player makes an unsuccessful attempt at escaping from a snooker. It is a controversial rule aimed at formally discouraging
deliberate fouls. In professional snooker, a referee will almost always call a miss on any foul where the player misses the ball on altogether, regardless of how close the player comes to hitting it. If a player is called for a miss three times in a single visit while not snookered, he forfeits the frame; to avoid this, players almost always play an easy hit on their third attempt, even if it is likely to leave a chance for the opponent.
missable
Describing a difficult
pot: "the awkward cueing makes this shot missable."
money added
Said of a tournament in which the
pot of money to pay out to the winner(s) contains sponsor monies in addition to competitor entry fees. Often used as an adjective: "a money-added event".
See also added.
money ball
Name for the ball that when pocketed, wins the game, or any ball that when made results in a payday such as a "
way" in the game of Chicago.
money game
A game (often actually a
race) the outcome of which is the subject of gambling by the players and/or by
stakehorses. Participants may use the phrase "this is a money game" to indicate to others that they take the contest more seriously than a casual game and, e.g., are unwilling to make sportsmanlike compromises or do not appreciate distractions. A clear illustration of the latter is in the "two brothers and a stranger" hustling scene in the film
The Color of Money.
money, in the
See in the money.
money table
The table reserved for
money games or, by extension, the best table in the house. This table is typically of better quality and regularly maintained, and may have
pockets that are unusually
tight. Money tables in popular venues may be outright reserved for major
action.
mushroom
Also mushroomed tip. Leather of the cue
tip overhanging the
ferrule because of compression from innumerable repeated impacts against the
cue ball without proper maintenance of the tip. It must be trimmed off, or it will cause
miscues and inaccuracies, as it is not backed by the solid ferrule and thus will compress much more than the tip should on impact.
See also burnish.
mushroom trimmer
Also mushroom shaver, mushroom cutter. A sharp-bladed
tip tool used to trim the
mushroomed portion off a
cue tip and restore it to its proper shape.
nap
A directional pile created by the short fuzzy ends of fibers on the surface of
cloth projecting upward from the lie and which create a favorable and unfavorable direction for rolling balls. The convention in most billiards games in which directional nap cloth is used is to brush the cloth along the table in the same direction of the nap, usually from the end that a player
breaks. In snooker and UK eight-ball especially, this creates the effect of
creep in the direction of the nap, the most-affected shot being a slow roll into a
center pocket against the nap. It is commonly referred to in the fuller term "nap of the cloth." When nap is used in relation to woven cloths that have no directional pile, such as those typically used in the U.S. for pool tables, the term simply refers to the fuzziness of the cloth.
natural
1. Noun: In pool, a natural is an easy shot requiring no
side spin (
english).
2. Adjective: In pool, a shot is said to be natural if it does not require adjustments, such as a
cut angle, side spin, or unusual force. A natural
bank shot, for example, is one in which simply shooting straight into the
object ball at medium speed and with no spin will send the object ball directly into the target pocket on the other side of the table.
3. In three cushion billiards, the most standard shot where the third ball is advantageously placed in a corner.
9 ball
Also the 9. The
money ball (
game ball or
frame ball) in a game of nine-ball. It is the last ball that must be pocketed, after the remaining eight object balls have been pocketed, or may be pocketed early to win the game so long as the lowest-numbered ball on the table is struck before the 9. In other games, such as eight-ball, the 9 is simply one of the regular object balls (a
stripe, in particular).
nip draw
A short, jabbed
draw stroke usually employed so as to not commit a
foul (i.e. due to following through to a
double hit) when the cue ball is very near to the target
object ball.
nit
Someone who wants too high a handicap or refuses to wager any money on a relatively fair match; a general pool room pejorative moniker. Probably derived from "nitwit".
nominate
Same as call. (Formal.)
nose
The furthest-protruding point of the
face of the
cushion over the
bed of the table. The dimensions of the
playing area are thus defined by the measurements lengthwise and widthwise between the cushion noses (though specifications may simply refer to the cushion face for short in that context). The height of the nose from the bed determines the cushion
profile. The corners (sharp on pool tables, rounded on snooker tables) formed by the nose at the entrance to the
pockets are called the
knuckles,
points or
titties.
nurse
Also nurse shot, nursery shot, nursery cannon.
In carom games such as straight rail, balkline and cushion caroms, where all the balls are kept near each other and a cushion, and with very soft shots, can be "nursed" down a rail on multiple successful shots that effectively replicate the same ball setup so that the nurse shot can be repeated again (and again, etc.).
Excessive use of nurse shots by players skilled enough to set them up and pull them off repeatedly at will is what led to the development of the balkline carom billiards game variations, and repetitive shot limitation rules in English billiards. A clear example of why: In 1907, Tom Reece scored a record break of 499,135 consecutive points over a period of five weeks, without a miss, using the cradle cannon nurse shot.
object ball
Depending on context:
1. Any ball that may be legally struck by the cue ball (i.e., any ball-on);
2. Any ball other than the cue ball.
Usage notes: When speaking very generally, e.g. about the proper way to make a kind of shot, any ball other than the cue ball is an object ball. In narrower contexts, this may not be the case. For example when playing eight-ball one might not think of the 8 ball as an object ball unless shooting for the 8.
on a string
Used when describing perfect play; a metaphoric reference to puppetry:
1. Pool: See Having the cue ball on a string.
2. Carom billiards: Order may be inverted: "as if the balls had strings on them".
on the hill
Describes a player who needs only one more game win to be victorious in the match.
See also hill, hill.
on the lemonade
Also on the lemon, laying down the lemon. Disguising the level of one's ability to play; also known as
sandbagging or
hustling (though the latter has a broader meaning).
Compare lemonade stroke.
on the snap
As a result of the opening
break shot (the "snap"), usually said of winning by
pocketing the
money ball ("won on the snap", "got it on the snap", etc.) Employed most commonly in the game of nine-ball where pocketing the
9 ball at any time in the game on a legal stroke, including the break shot, is a win. Sometimes used alone as an exclamation or exhortation, "On the snap!"
See also golden break.
on the wire
See games on the wire.
one-on-one
Also 1-on-1, one on one, etc.
1. Competition between an individual player and an individual opponent, as opposed to team play, scotch doubles and other multi-player variants.
2. A team play format in which an individual player from the home team plays a
race against an individual player from the visiting team, and then is finished for that
match.
(Same as match play, definition 2.) Several large leagues use this format, including APA/CPA and USAPL. (
Contrast round robin.)
one-stroke
To shoot without taking enough warm-up strokes to properly aim and feel out the stroke and speed to be applied. One-stroking is a common symptom of nervousness and a source of missed shots and failed position.
See also choke, dog.
open
1. In eight-ball, when all
object balls are
balls-on for either player.
See open table.
2. A description of a
break shot in which the
rack (
pack) is spread apart well.
See also the open break requirement in some games' rules, including eight-ball and nine-ball
3. In carom billiards, descriptive of play in which the balls are not
gathered.
See open play.
4. A description of a layout of balls in a pocket billiards game (of almost any kind) that, because it is so spread out, makes its easy for a good player to
run out and win, due to lack of problematic
clustered balls.
open break
A requirement under some pocket billiards rulesets that either an
object ball be pocketed, or at least four object balls be driven to contact the
cushions, on the opening
break shot.
Contrast soft break.
open bridge
A bridge formed by the hand where no finger loops over the shaft of the cue. Typically, the cue stick is channeled by a "v"-shaped groove formed by the thumb and the base of the index finger.
open play
A description of play in carom billiards games in which the balls remain widely separated rather than
gathered, requiring much more skill to score
points and making
nurse shots effectively impossible, and making for a more interesting game for onlookers. Most skilled players try to gather the balls as quickly as possible to increase their chances of continuing to score in a long
run.
open table
In eight-ball and related games, describes the situation in which neither player has yet claimed a
suit (
group) of balls. Often shortened to simply
open: "Is it still an open table?" "Yes, it's open."
orange crush, the
The 5
out (meaning the player getting the handicap can win by making the 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9 balls).
out
1. A specific ball number followed by "out" refers to a
handicap in nine-ball or other rotation games where the "spot" is all balls from that designated number to the money ball. To illustrate, the 6-out in a nine-ball game would allow the player getting
weight to win by
legally pocketing the 6, 7, 8 or 9 balls.
2.
Short for run out, especially as a noun: "That was a nice out."
outside english
Side spin on a
cue ball on the opposite side of the direction of the
cut angle to be played (right-hand
english when cutting an
object ball to the left, and vice versa). In addition to affecting cue ball position, outside english can be used to decrease
throw.
overcut
Hitting the
object ball with too large of a
cut angle; hitting the object ball too thin. It is a well-known maxim that overcutting is preferable to
undercutting in many situations, as is more often leaves the table in a disadvantageous position on the miss than does an undercut.
See also professional side of the pocket.
overs
Same as stripes, in New Zealand. Compare yellows, high, big ones; contrast unders.
pack
1. In snooker, the bunch of reds that are typically left below the
pink spot in the early stages of a
frame, not including those reds that have been released into
pottable positions.
2. A cluster of balls.
3.
Same as package.
package
Successive games won without the opponent getting to the table; a five-
pack would be a package of five games.
pantsed
Australian: Defeated with all seven of one's
object balls (in blackball or eight-ball) remaining on the table. Informal Australian
pub play may stipulate that if one loses this badly, one has been "pantsed" and must hobble one full lap around the pool table, with one's pants around one's ankles, or even fully naked.
(See also down-trou.)
paper cut
Same as feather (US) or snick (UK) (US, colloquial).
Parker's box
Named after Chicagoan J. E. Parker, it is a
3 1⁄2 × 7 inch box drawn on a
balkline table from the termination of a balkline with the
cushion, thus defining a restricted space in which only a set number of points may be scored before one ball must be driven from the area. Now supplanted by
anchor spaces, it was developed to curtail the effectiveness of the
anchor nurse, which in turn had been invented to exploit a loophole in balkline rules: so long as both object balls straddled a balkline, there was no restriction on
counts, as each ball lay in a separate balk space.
parking the cue ball
1. Having the cue ball stop at or near the center of the table on a forceful break shot (the breaking ideal in many games such as nine-ball);
2. Having the cue ball stop precisely where intended.
peas
Also pills, tally balls and shake balls. Small, round markers typically numbered 1 through 16, which are placed in a
bottle for various random assignment purposes, such as in a tournament roster, to assign order of play in a multiplayer game, or to assign particular balls to players in games such as kelly pool.
percentage
See play the percentages. Used by itself often with "low" and "high": "that's a low-percentage shot for me", "I should really take the high-percentage one".
pills
Same as peas.
pin
1. A bolt-threaded protrusion inside the
joint of the cue, usually protruding from the
butt and screwing into the
shaft rather than vice versa. Most modern cues make use of metal pins and
collars, but carom billiards cues usually have a wooden pin, and a collarless wood-on-wood joint.
2.
Same as skittle.
pink ball
In snooker, the second-highest value
colour ball, being worth six points. It is placed on the
pink spot. In some (especially American) snooker ball sets it is numbered "6" on its surface.
pink spot
The marked
spot on a snooker table at which the
pink ball is placed. Regardless of table size, it is exactly midway between the
centre spot (
blue spot and the
face (
nose) of the
top cushion.
Also known as the pyramid spot (sense 2).
piqué
Also piquet. Either a
massé shot with no
english (
sidespin), or a shot in which the cue stick is steeply angled, but not held quite as near-vertically as it is in full massé.
place
To reach a certain position in a tournament. "I placed 17th." "She will probably place
in the money this time."
plant
Chiefly British. Same as combination shot.
play the percentages
Using knowledge of the game and one's own abilities and limitations to choose the manner of shooting and the particular shot from an array presented, that has a degree of likelihood of success. This often requires a player to forego a shot that if made would be very advantageous but does not have a high likelihood of success, in favor of a safety or less advantageous shot that is more realistically achievable.
playing area
Also playing surface. The area of the table on which the balls roll, i.e. the table surface exclusive of the
rails and the tops of the
cushions. The playing surface is defined by the measurements lengthwise and widthwise between the cushion noses (though specifications may simply refer to the cushion
faces for short in that context). Artistic pool and other forms of trick shots sometimes call for shots to go beyond the bounds of the playing surface, e.g. a
jump shot off the table into a boot on the floor, in Mike Massey's classic "boot shot". The playing surface is what is used, not the entire table, when describing the approximate size of billiard tables of all kinds (e.g. "an 8 × 4 foot pool table").
pocket
1. (noun) An opening in a Billiards table, cut partly into the
bed and partly into the
rails and their
cushions, into which balls are shot (pocketed or
potted).
2. (verb) To send a ball into a pocket, usually intentionally.
pocket speed
Also pocket-speed.
1. Describes the propensity of table pockets to more easily accept an imperfectly aimed ball shot at a relatively soft speed, that might not fall if shot with more velocity ("that ball normally wouldn't fall but he hit it at pocket speed"). The less sensitive to shot-speed that a pocket is, the "faster" it is said to be.
2. Describes the velocity of an
object ball shot with just enough speed to reach the intended pocket and drop. "Shoot this with pocket speed only, so you don't send the cue ball too far up-table."
pocket template
A rigid, flat piece of material such as plastic that outlines the exact angles and curvature of the
knuckles of the
cushions at a
pocket, the width of their separation across the pocket opening (the
jaws of the pocket) and the depth into the jaws where the pocket drop is. The templates thereby determine the size and other playing aspects of the pocket. Such standardization is used especially in snooker and English billiards, for which the World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association presently issues pocket templates. These proprietary templates are tightly controlled, and only provided to approved venues and manufacturers. Each table requires two pairs of templates, as the specifications for
corner and
centre (
side) pockets are entirely different. For each pocket type, one template is used to determine pocket width and other horizontal aspects, while the other measures the
face of the cushions including any
undercut, the
fall of the pocket, and other vertical aspects.
See also racking template, training template.
point
1. A unit of scoring, in games such as snooker and straight pool with numerical scoring.
2. A unit of scoring, in team
matches in
leagues that use numerical scoring instead of simple
game/
frame win vs. loss ratios.
3. Another term for
knuckle /
tittie.
pointing
A term used to indicate balls that are
frozen to each other, or close enough, such that no matter from which angle they are hit, the combination will send the outer ball in the same predictable direction. "Are the 2 and 7 pointing at the corner?? Okay, I'll use that duck to get position way over there."
pool glasses
Also pool spectacles, pool specs. Same as billiards glasses.
pool glove
A tight, Spandex glove covering usually most or all of the thumb, index finger and middle finger, worn on the
bridge hand as a more convenient and less messy alternative to using
hand talc, and for the same purpose: a smooth-gliding
stroke.
pool shark
See shark (in all senses).
position
The placement of the balls, especially the cue ball, relative to the next planned shot.
Also known as shape. See also position play, leave.
position play
Skilled playing in which knowledge of ball speed, angles, post-impact trajectory, and other factors are used to gain
position (i.e. a good
leave) after the target ball is struck. The goals of position play are generally to ensure that the next shot is easy or at least makeable, and/or to play a
safety in the advent of a miss (intentional or otherwise).
pot
1. (verb, chiefly British) To sink a ball into a pocket.
See also pocket (verb).
2. (noun, chiefly British) An instance of potting a ball ("it was a good pot considering the angle and distance of the shot").
3. (noun) Pooled money being played for, in
money games or tournaments, as in poker and other gambling activities. This very old term derives from players placing their
stakes into a pot or other receptacle before play begins.
pot and tuck
A tactic employed in UK eight-ball pool in which a player
calls and
pots one of the balls in a favorably lying set, then plays safe, leaving as many of his/her well-placed balls on the table as possible, until the opponents commits a
foul or leaves a chance that the player feels warrants an attempt at
running out.
potter
A British term for someone with little experience or understanding of the game, who may be skilled at
potting individual balls but does not consider tactics such as
position or
safety; "he's a potter, not a player."
Compare U.S. banger.
potting angle
The desired angle that must be created between the path of the
cue ball and the path of the
object ball upon contact to
pot the object ball. It is usually measured to the center of the
pocket.
See also aiming line.
power draw
Extreme application of
draw.
professional foul
A deliberate
foul that leaves the balls in a
safe position, reducing the risk of giving a
frame-winning chance to the opponent. The miss rule in snooker was implemented primarily to discourage the professional fouls.
professional side of the pocket
Also pro side of the pocket; sometimes "of the pocket" is left off the phrase.
The long-rail side of a corner pocket. To "aim for the profession side of the pocket" is to slightly overcut a difficult corner-pocket cut shot, to cheat the pocket, rather than undercutting, especially in nine-ball. Erring too much in this direction is "missing on the professional side of the pocket." It is so called because experienced players understand that on a thin cut, overcutting the object ball to a corner pocket will far more often leave the object ball in an unfavorable position, i.e. along the short rail for the incoming opponent than will an undercut, which often leaves the object ball sitting in front of or nearby the pocket it had been intended for on a miss.
By contrast, in eight-ball, except when both players are shooting at the 8 ball, the incoming player after a miss is shooting for different object balls, so this maxim does not apply, and the opposite may be good strategy as, if the object ball stays near the pocket through an undercut, it is advantageously positioned for a subsequent turn and may block the opponent's use of the pocket.
program
Also (chiefly British) programme. Short for shot program.
push
1.
Same as push out.
2.
Same as push shot.
push out
As an adjective or compound noun: push-out. A rule in many games (most notably nine-ball, after and only after the break shot), allowing a player to "push out" the cue ball to a new position without having to contact any ball, much less pocket one or drive it to a
cushion, but not counting any pocketed ball as valid (other foul rules apply, such as
double hits,
scratching the cue ball, etc.), with the caveat that the opponent may shoot from the new cue ball position or give the shot back to the pusher who must shoot from the new position. In nine-ball particularly, and derived games such as seven-ball and ten-ball, pocketing the
money ball on a push-out results in that ball being
respotted (which can be used to strategic advantage in certain circumstances, such as when the break leaves no shot on the
ball-on, and failure to hit it would give the incoming player an instant-win
combination shot on the money ball).
push shot
Any
foul shot in which a player's
cue tip stays in contact with the
cue ball for more than the momentary time commensurate with a
stroked shot. In the game of snooker, it is considered a push if the cue strikes the cue ball more than once in a given shot (a
double hit) or if the cue stick, cue ball and
ball-on are all in contact together during a shot (if the cue ball and
object ball are
frozen together, special dispensation is given provided the cue ball is struck at a downward or otherwise "off" angle; that is, not directly into the line of the two balls).
put up money
1. For a player to place money for a wager in an openly visible spot (typically on the hanging light above the table, thus the origin of the phrase); this demonstrates that the money is actually present and obviates any need to demand its production from the loser's pocket. "You want to play for 500? Put it up!"
2. To stake a particular amount of money on a gambling player. "I'll put up another 2000, but you'd better win this time."
3. On a coin-operated
bar table, to place one or more coins on the
rail, or on the
bed of the table under the
cushion, as a marker of one's place in line (UK: on queue) to play. "You didn't put your quarters up." And alternative is to put one's name on a list, e.g. on a chalkboard.
pyramid
1. The full fifteen ball set of pool or snooker
object balls after being
racked, before the
break shot
(i.e., same as rack, definition 2, and triangle, defn. 2). Chiefly British today, but also an American usage ca. World War I.
2.
Also pyramids. The game of Russian pyramid or any related game.
pyramid spot
1. In pool,
same as foot spot: The
spot on which the
pyramid is
racked, with the
apex ball on this spot. Chiefly British today, but also an American usage ca. World War I.
2. In snooker (and by extension modern English billiards),
same as pink spot: The spot on which the
pink ball is placed, in front of the pyramid.
quadruple century
Also quadruple-century break. See double century.
quintuple century
Also quintuple-century break. See double century.
race
A predetermined, fixed number of
games or points a player must achieve to win a
match or game; "a race to seven", in the context of nine-ball, means whomever wins seven games first wins the
match.
See also ahead race for a more specialized usage.
rack (noun)
1. A geometric form, usually aluminum, wooden or plastic, used to assist in setting up balls in games like eight-ball, nine-ball, and snooker. The rack allows for more consistently tight grouping of balls, which is necessary for a successful
break shot. In most games a triangle-shaped rack capable of holding fifteen balls can be employed, even if the game calls for racking less than a full ball set, such as in the game of nine-ball.
For further information, see the Rack (billiards) main article.
2. Used to refer to a racked group of balls before they have been broken.
3. In some games, refers to a single
frame.
4. Colloquial shorthand for "a set of balls".
5. Short for
cue rack,
wall rack or
scoring rack when such abbreviation would not be ambiguous.
rack (verb)
The act of setting up the balls for a
break shot. In tournament play this will be done by the
referee, but in lower-level play, players either rack for themselves or for each other depending on convention.
rack and run
Chiefly American: In pool games, when a player racks the object balls, and the
breaking opponent does not pocket a ball on the break, and the person who
racked the game commences to run out all of the remaining object balls without the breaker getting another visit at the table. This is similar to a
break and run, with the key difference being that the person executing the "rack and run" did not break the balls in that game.
racking template
An outgrowth of the
training template concept, a racking template is a
racking tool used in place of a traditional rigid ball rack for pool or snooker balls, consisting of a very thin, e.g. 0.14 mm (0.0055 in), sheet of material such as paper or plastic with holes into which
object balls settle snugly against one another to form a tight rack (
pack). The template is placed, stencil-like, in racking position, with the lead ball's hole directly over the center of the
foot spot. The balls are then placed onto the template and arranged to settle into their holes, forming a tight rack. Unlike with a training template, the balls are not tapped to create divots, and instead the template is left in place until after the break shot at which time it can be removed (unless balls are still sitting on top of it). Manufacturers such as Magic Ball Rack insist that racking templates are designed "to affect the balls to a minimum", and while pro player Mika Immonen has endorsed that particular brand as a retail product, as of September 2010, no professional tours nor amateur
leagues have adopted that or any other racking template. Although Magic Ball Rack implies development work since 2006, other evidence suggests invention, by Magic Ball Rack's founder, in mid-2009, with product announcement taking place in September of that year.
See also pocket template.
rail
Also (uncommonly) cushion rail. The sides of a table's frame upon which the elastic
cushion are mounted and in which the
diamonds (
sights) are inlaid (on tables which possess them). The term often used interchangeably with
cushion.
rake
Same as mechanical bridge; so-called because of its typical shape.
rat in
To pocket a ball by luck; "he ratted in the 9 ball"; usually employed disapprovingly.
See also slop.
rebound angle
Same as angle of reflection.
red ball
Also red(s), the red(s).
1. In snooker, any of the 15 balls worth 1 point each that can be potted in any order. During the course of a break a player must first pot a red followed by a colour, and then a red and colour, etc., until the reds run out and then the re-spotted six colours must be cleared in their order. Potting more than one red in a single shot is not a foul – the player simply gets a point for each red potted. Red balls are never numbered "1" on their surface, even in (primarily American) sets in which the colours are numbered with their values.
2. In blackball, one of two
groups of seven
object balls that must be potted before the
black. Reds are spotted before yellows, if balls from both group must be spotted at the same time.
Compare stripes; contrast yellow ball.
3. In carom billiards, the
object ball that is neither player's
cue ball.
referee
The person in charge of the game whose primary role is to ensure adherence by both players to the appropriate rules of the game being played. Other duties of the referee include
racking each frame, re-spotting balls during the course of a game, maintaining the equipment associated with the table (e.g. keeping the balls clean), controlling the crowd and, if necessary, controlling the players. Formerly sometimes referred to as the
umpire.
re-rack
Also rerack.
1. In snooker, the abandonment of a frame upon agreement between the players, so that the balls can be set up again and the frame restarted with no change to the score since the last completed frame. This is the result of situations, such as trading of containing safeties, where there is no foreseeable change to the pattern of shots being played, so the frame could go on indefinitely.
2. In pool, placing of the
object balls back in the rack, after a
foul break.
re-spot
Also respot.
1. Same as re-spotted black.
2.
Same as spot (verb), sense 1 (pool) and sense 2 (snooker).
re-spotted black
In snooker, a situation where the scores are tied after all the balls have been
potted, and the
black ball is
re-spotted and the first player to pot it wins. The players toss for the first shot, which must be taken with the
cue ball in
the D. A
safety battle typically ensues, until an error allows a player to pot the black, or a
fluke or a difficult pot is made.
rest
A chiefly British term for a set of mechanical bridges. British-style rests differ from most American-style rake bridges in shape, and take several forms: the cross, the spider and the swan (or goose neck), as well as the rarer and often unsanctioned hook. When used unqualified, the word usually refers to the cross. Rests are used in snooker, English billiards, and blackball.
reverse english
Side spin on the
cue ball that causes it to unnaturally roll off a
cushion (contacted at an angle)
against rather than
with the ball's momentum and direction of travel. If angling into a cushion that is on the right, then reverse
english would be right english, and vice versa. The angle of deflection will be steeper (narrower) than if no english were applied. The opposite of
running english, which has effects other than simply the opposites of those of reverse english.
right
Short for right english (side), i.e.
side spin imparted to the
cue ball by
stroking it to the right-hand side of its vertical axis.
Contrast left.
ring game
1. A style of game play in which as many players are allowed to join as the participants choose, and anyone can quit at any time. The term, most often used in the context of gambling, is borrowed from poker. The folk games three-ball and killer are usually played as open ring games, as is Kelly pool.
2. By extension, a multi-player game that anyone may initially join, but which has a fixed roster of competitors once it begins, is sometimes also called a ring game. Cutthroat is, by its nature, such a game. A famous regular ring game event of this sort is the six-player, US$3000-buy-in ring ten-ball competition at the annual Derby City Classic.
3. A nine-ball ring game is played by more than two players and has special rules. Typically, the players choose a random method for setting the order of play, with the winner breaking. Safeties are not allowed and there are two or more
money balls – usually the five and nine.
road map
A pool table spread in which the balls are extremely easily positioned for a run out, and where little movement of the cue ball on each shot is necessary to obtain position on the next.
road player
A highly skilled hustler making money gambling while traveling. Fast Eddie Felson in
The Hustler was a road player. One of the most notorious real-life road players is Keith McCready.
rob
1. (Transitive, "to rob") Playing an opponent for money who has a very low chance of winning based on disparity of skill levels.
2. (Intransitive, "to be robbed") Usually unwittingly playing an opponent for money who has a very high chance of winning based on disparity of skill levels.
3. (Intransitive, "to be robbed") Used humorously in exclamations when a shot that looks like it would work did not, as in "Oh! You got robbed on that one!"
rock
Colloquial term for an unusually hard, heavy
cue ball made of ceramic instead of the phenolic resin or other modern, resilient plastics most billiard balls are made of. "Rock" cue balls are frequently found on older coin-operated
bar tables that do not have magnetic
ball-return mechanisms. As with oversized "
grapefruit" cue balls, the ball return works because the cue ball is considerably heavier than, and thereby distinguishable from, the
object balls. Because of their brittle material, rocks wear out faster that normal cue balls, are prone to chippings, and due to their density also shorten the lifespan of the object balls and the cloth. Their weight has a strong effect on play, as they are difficult to
draw (
screw),
stop and
stun, and generate a large amount of
smash-through, compared to standard and
magnetic cue balls, but do not reduce
cut shot accuracy like grapefruit balls.
rocking cannon
Chiefly British: Same as chuck nurse.
roll
1. Describes lucky or unlucky "rolls" of the cue ball; "I had good rolls all night; "that was a bad roll." However, when said without an adjective ascribing good or bad characteristics to it, "roll" usually refers to a positive outcome such as in "he sure got a roll".
2. The roll:
same as the lag.
roll-up
A gentle tap of the
cue ball with the intention of getting it as tight as possible behind an
object ball, in the hope of a
snooker. It is most common in the game of snooker, and is often results in a
foul in many pool games, in which on every shot, after the cue ball has contacted a legal object ball (a
ball-on, then either any ball must contact a
cushion or any object ball must be
pocketed (
potted). A roll-up can be legal in such games when the object ball used for the tactic is very close to a cushion, so that either it or the cue ball lightly touch the cushion after ball-on-ball contact.
rotation
1. Descriptive of any game in which the
object balls must be struck in numerical order. Billiard researcher Mike Shamos observes that it would be more intuitive to call such games "'series' or 'sequence'". The term actually derives from the set-up of the game Chicago, in which the balls are not racked, but placed numerically around the table along the
cushions (and must be shot in ascending order). Other common rotation games include pool (obviously), nine-ball, seven-ball, ten-ball
2. The specific pool game of rotation.
round
1. A multi-
game division of a
match, as used in some league and tournament formats. For example, in a match between 2 teams of 5 players each, a 25-game match might be divided into 5 rounds of 5 games each, in which the roster of one team moves one line down at the beginning of each round, such that by the end of the match every player on team A has played every player on team B in
round robin fashion.
2. A level of competition elimination in a tournament, such as the quarterfinal round, semifinal round and final round.
round robin
A tournament format in which each contestant plays each of the other contestants at least once. In typical
league team play, round robin format means that each member of the home team plays each member of the visiting team once. This format is used by BCAPL, VNEA and many other leagues.
Contrast one-on-one.
round the angles
Describing a shot which requires one or more balls to be played off several
cushions, such as an elaborate
escape or a
positional shot; "he'll have to send the cue ball round the angles to get good position."
rubber match
The deciding match between two tied opponents.
Compare hill-hill.
ruckus
A British term (especially in snooker) for the
splitting of a group of balls when another ball is sent into them, typically with the intent of deliberately moving them with the
cue ball to
develop them.
run
The number of balls
pocketed in an
inning in pool (e.g., a run of five balls), or points scored in a row in carom billiards (e.g., a run of five points).
Compare British break (sense 2), which is applied to pool as well as snooker in British English.
run out
1. (verb) Make all of the required shots in a game without the opponent ever getting to the table or getting back to the table
2. (noun)
usually run-out, sometimes runout) An instance of running out in a game.
run the table
Similar to
run out (sense 1), but more specific to making all required shots from the
start of a rack.
See also break and run, break and dish.
running english
Side spin on the
cue ball that causes it to roll off a
cushion (contacted at an angle)
with rather than
against the ball's natural momentum and direction of travel. If angling into a rail that is on the right, then running
english would be left english, and vice versa. The angle of deflection will be wider than if no english were applied to the cue ball. But more importantly, because the ball is rolling instead of sliding against the rail, the angle will be more
consistent. For this reason, running English is routinely used. Also called
running side in British terminology.
Contrast reverse english.
safe
1. Describing a ball that is in a position that makes it very difficult to
pot.
2. Describing a situation a player has been left in by the opponent, intentionally or otherwise, that makes it difficult to pot any
balls-on.
See also snooker.
safety
1. An intentional defensive shot, the most common goal of which is to leave the opponent either no plausible shot at all, or at least a difficult one.
2. A shot that is called aloud as part of a game's rules; once invoked, a safety usually allows the player to pocket his or her own object ball without having to shoot again, for strategic purposes. In games such as seven-ball, in which any shot that does not result in a pocketed ball is a foul under some rules, a called safety allows the player to miss without a foul resulting. A well-played safety may result in a
snooker.
safety break
A
break shot in which the object is to leave the incoming player with no shot or a very difficult shot, such as is normally employed in the opening break of straight pool.
Cf. open break.
sandbag
To disguise the level of one's ability to play in various ways such as using a
lemonade stroke; intentionally missing shots; making an uneven game appear "close"; purposefully losing early, inconsequential games. Sandbagging is a form of
hustling, and in
handicapped leagues, considered a form of cheating, as it is used to obtain a low handicap so that a skilled player can later use this rating to improper advantage in more important competitions. This was practised in the 2012 Olympics by badminton players, resulting in several disqualifications of East Asian players.[1] The term "sandbag" is often applied to other rated tournaments, including chess and Scrabble.
See also dump and on the lemonade.
saver
Same as
gapper
scotch doubles
A form of
doubles play in which the two team members take turns, playing alternating shots during an
inning (i.e. each team's inning consists of two players' alternating
visits, each of one shot only, until that team's inning ends, and the next team begins their alternating-shot turn.) Effective scotch doubles play requires close communication between team partners, especially as to desired cue ball position for the incoming player. Like "
english", "scotch" is usually not capitalized in this context. The term is also used in bowling, and may have originated there.
score
1. Verb: To earn one or more
points with one or more shots in an
inning, e.g. "scored 2 that round".
2. Noun: The tally of a player's points, earned by shots and (in some games) awarded by opponent
fouls, e.g. "had a score of 12 that game".
3. Noun: The compared total of both (or in games with three or more participants, all) player's/team's points, e.g. "won by a score of 12 to 6".
scoreboard
Also score-board, score board. A usually wall-mounted device for keeping
score between two or more players in
point-based games or in
races. The most common type, mostly used for snooker and straight pool, consists of two or more pointers sliding on board-mounted rails to indicate 1s and 10s marked on the board. Some carom billiards clubs provide digital scoreboards for each table. Other scoring methods include wall-mounted
scoring racks, in-rail
scoring wheels, and over-table
scoring strings.
scorekeeper
Also score-keeper, score keeper. Person who keeps score for others while they play. A designated scorekeeper is common in league play (often the team captain, or a player who is simply not playing at that moment) and in professional tournaments. A scorekeeper may also be used in high-stakes
money games, as depicted in the film
The Hustler.
scorer
1.
Same as scorekeeper.
2. A scoring device, i.e. a
scoreboard,
scoring rack,
scoring string, and/or set of
scoring wheels.
scoring rack
Also score rack. A wall-mounted, usually wooden rack with several numbered shelves to hold each player's pocketed balls, used for keeping
score between players of games in which points are awarded by the numerical values on the balls. Scoring racks remain common in places where rotation and related games are popular, e.g. Mexico, but are rare where these games have mostly died out. Also known as a
counter rack. Sometimes ambiguously called a
wall rack or
ball rack.
scoring string
Also score string or (ambiguously) string. Same as wire, sense 1.
scoring wheels
Also score wheels. Rotating wheels, numbered 0–9 not unlike a multi-dial combination lock, mounted into a
rail of the Billiard table, and used for keeping
score between two or more players in
point-based games or in
races. They are typically a pair of wheels, representing 10s and 1s, for at least two players. Such wheels are sometimes also used to create wall-mounted
scoreboards.
scratch
Pocketing of the
cue ball, in pocket billiards games. In most games, a scratch is a type of
foul. "Scratch" is sometimes used less precisely to refer to all types of fouls.
See, more generally, foul.
screw
Same as draw (chiefly British).
scuffer
An abrasive
tip tool used as a grinder to roughen the
cue tip to better hold
chalk after it has become hardened and smooth from repeated impacts with the
cue ball.
Tappers serve the same purpose, but are used differently. Similar to a
shaper, but shallower and less rough.
see
To be able to clearly see a path to a pocket or object ball without any other obstacle interfering, usually as a straight shot: "The 3-Ball is hanging in the pocket, but I can't see it because the 9 ball is in my way."
seeding
The placement of player(s) automatically in a tournament where some have to qualify, or automatic placement in later rounds.
sell out
To bungle a shot in a manner that leaves the table in a fortuitous position for the opponent.
Contrast sell the farm.
sell the farm
To bungle a shot in a manner that leaves the table in such a fortuitous position for the opponent that there is a strong likelihood of losing the game or match.
Contrast sell out.
semi-massé
Also semi-massé shot. A moderate curve imparted to the path of the
cue ball by an elevated hit with use of
english (
side); or a shot using this technique. Also known as a
curve (US) or
swerve (UK) shot.
Compare massé.
session
1.
Principally US: One or more
sets, usually in the context of gambling.
See also ahead race (a.k.a. ahead session) for a more specialized usage.
2.
Principally British: Any of a group of pre-determined
frames played in a
match too long to be completed within a single day's play. A best of 19 frame match, for example, is generally played with two "sessions", the first composed of nine frames, the second of ten. This term is generally used only in the context of professional snooker, as matches at the amateur level are rarely played over more than nine frames. Longer matches can be split into three or four sessions.
session to spare
Principally British: In snooker, if a player wins a
match without the need for the final session to be played (for example, if a player wins a best-of-25-
frames match split into three
sessions – two sessions of eight frames and one of nine – by a margin of say, 13 frames to 3), then they are said to have won the match "with a session to spare".
set
A predetermined number of games, usually played for a specified sum of money.
Contrast race (a predetermined number of wins). Informally,
sets may refer to gambling more generally, as in "I've been playing sets all day", even when the format is actually races or single games.
set up
Usually set-up in non-verb form, sometimes setup in noun form particularly.
1. (Of a player or referee) to place the balls (and other items, if applicable, such as skittles) properly for the beginning of a game: "In eight-ball, properly setting up requires that the rear corners of the rack not have two stripes or two solids but one of each." For most pocket billiards games this is in a racked pattern, but the term is applicable more broadly than "rack", e.g. in carom billiards and in pocket games like bottle pool. Contrast layout.
2. (Of the game equipment) arranged properly for the beginning of a game: "set up and waiting for the break", "an improper set-up"
3. (Of a player, passively and specifically) to have good
shape – to be in a favorable position for making a shot or other desired play ("is set-up on the 9", "could be set-up for the corner-pocket after this shot")
4. (Of a player, passively, generally, and chiefly US) to be in a favorable position for, and with a
layout conductive to, a long
run (UK:
break) or complete
run-out: "a crucial miss that left his opponent really set-up";
compare (chiefly British) "in the balls"
5. (Of a player, actively) to use
position play to move one or more specific balls to specific locations with a specific goal in mind, usually
pocketing (
potting) a specific ball or getting an easy
out, but possibly a
safety,
nurse or
trap shot; in short, to get
shape: "She set up on the 9-ball with a careful draw shot." The meaning can be inverted to indicate poor play on the part of the other player: "Oops, I just set you up for an easy win when I missed like that."
6. (Of a table
layout) comparatively easy to completely
run out, e.g. because of a lack of
clusters or
blocking balls: "looks like a nice set-up for a quick out", "this table's totally set up for you"
7. (Of
cue ball position more specifically): having good
shape – comparatively easy to use to some advantage, such as continuing a
run (UK:
break) or playing
safe: "The cue ball's set up for an easy side pocket shot."
8. (Of a shot or strategy) the result of
position play (careful or reckless): "Playing the 6 off the 8 was a great set-up to win", "That follow shot was a terrible set-up for the 6-ball."
9. (Of a hustler) to successfully convince a
fish that one is not a very skilled player and that gambling on a game will be a good idea: "That guy totally set me up and took me for $200." Such a hustle is a
setup or
set-up.
sewer
A
pocket; usually used in disgust when describing a
scratch (e.g., "the cue ball's gone down the sewer").
shaft
The upper portion of a
cue which slides on a player's
bridge hand and upon which the
tip of the cue is mounted at its terminus. It also applies to the main, unsegmented body of a
mechanical bridge.
shape
Same as position. "She got good shape for the next shot".
See also position play, leave.
shaper
A highly abrasive
tip tool used to shape an unreasonably flat new
cue tip, or misshapen old one, into a more usable, consistently curved profile, most commonly the curvature of a nickel or dime (or equivalently sized non-US/Canadian coin) for larger and smaller pool tips, respectively. Similar to a
scuffer, but deeper and rougher.
shark
Also pool shark, poolshark (US); sharp, pool sharp (British)
1. Verb: To perform some act or make some utterance with the intent to distract, irritate or intimidate the opponent so that they do not perform well, miss a shot, etc. Most league and tournament rules forbid blatant sharking, as a form of unsportsmanlike conduct, but it is very common in bar pool.
2. Noun: Another term for hustler.
3. Noun: A very good player. This usage is common among non-players who often intend it as a compliment and are not aware of its derogatory senses (above).
sharp
Chiefly British: Same as shark (senses 1, 2). The term appears in lyrics from
The Mikado (1884) in relation to billiards, and developed from
sharper (in use by at least 1681, but now obsolete) meaning "hustler" but not specific to billiards.
See also card sharp for more etymological details and sources.
short rack
Any game which uses a rack composed of less than 15 balls.
short rail
Either of the two shorter
rails on a standard pool, billiards or snooker table.
Contrast side rail/long rail.
shortstop
Also short stop, short-stop. A second-tier professional who is not (yet) ready for World Championship competition. It can also be applied by extension to a player who is one of the best in a region but not quite good enough to consistently beat serious
road players and tournament pros. The term was borrowed from baseball.
shot
Verb form: to shoot. The use of the cue to perform or attempt to perform a particular motion of balls on the table, such as to
pocket (
pot) an
object ball, to achieve a successful
carom (
cannon), or to play a
safety.
shot for nothing
Also shot to nothing. A predominantly British term for a shot in which a player attempts a difficult
pot but with
safety in mind, so that in the event of missing the pot it is likely that the opponent will not make a meaningful contribution, and will probably have to reply with a safety. The meaning refers to lack of risk, i.e. at no cost to the player ("for nothing" or coming "to nothing").
Compare two-way shot.
shot program
Also (chiefly British) shot programme. The enumerated trick shots that must be performed in the fields of artistic billiards (70 pre-determined shots) and artistic pool (56 tricks in 8 "
disciplines").
side
Chiefly British: Short for side spin. In Canadian usage, the term is sometimes used as a verb, "
to side".
side pocket
One of the two
pockets one either side of a pool table halfway up the
long rails. They are cut shallower than
corner pockets because they have a 180 degree aperture, instead of 90 degrees. In the UK the term
centre pocket or middle pocket are preferred.
side rail
Either of the two longer
rails of a billiards or pocket billiards table, bisected by a
center pocket and bounded at both ends by a
corner pocket. Also called a long rail.
side spin
Also sidespin, side-spin, side.
Spin placed on the cue ball when hit with the cue tip to the left or right of the ball's center; usually called english in American usage. See english, in its narrower definition, for details on the effects of side spin. See illustration at spin.
sight
Chiefly British; same as diamond.
single-elimination
Also single elimination. A tournament format in which a player is out of the tournament after a single match loss. Contrast double-elimination.
sink
Same as pocket (sense 2).
sink-in shot
Any shot that intentionally accounts for the elasticity of the cushions to allow a ball to bank past an otherwise blocking ball. The moving ball will
sink in to the cushion very near the blocking ball giving it sufficient space to get past it or
kiss off the back side of it.
sitter
Chiefly British: Same as duck, and stemming from the same obvious etymology.
skid
British: Same as cling, and kick, sense 2. Noun, verb and rare adjective usage as per "cling".
skittle
An upright pin, which looks like a miniature bowling pin, cone or obelisk. Skittles, as employed in billiards games, have been so-called since at least 1634. One standardized size, for the largely Italian and South American game five-pins, is 25 mm (1 in.) tall, with 7 mm (0.28 in.) round bases, though larger variants have long existed for other games such as Danish pin billiards. Depending upon the game there may be one skittle, or several, and they may be targets to hit (often via a
carom) or obstacles to avoid, usually the former. They are also sometimes called
pins, though that term can be ambiguous. Because of the increasing international popularity of the Italian game five-pins), they are sometimes also known even in English by their Italian name,
birilli (singular
birillo). Skittles are also used as obstacles in some artistic billiards shots. Flat, thin rectangular skittles, somewhat like large dominoes, approximately 6 in. tall by 3 in. wide, and placed upright like an obelisks on the table in specific spots, are used in the obsolescent and principally Australian games devil's pool and victory billiards. Depending upon the exact game being played, there may be one pin, or several of various colors (e.g. ten white and two black in devil's pool), and they may be targets or obstacles, most commonly the latter. They are usually made of plastic, and are increasingly difficult to obtain, even from Australian billiards suppliers. A black obelisk skittle of this sort features prominently, as a particularly dire
hazard, in several scenes of sci-fi/pool film
Hard Knuckle (1992, Australia). Skittles as used in billiards games date to ground billiards (13th century or earlier) played with a
mace, and hand-thrown games of bowls from at least the same era using the same equipment. Ball games using a recognizable form of skittle are known from as early as ca. 3300 BCE in Ancient Egypt.
skunk
During a
set if the opponent does not win a single game, they are said to have been skunked.
slate
The heavy, finely milled rock (slate) that forms the
bed of the table, beneath the
cloth. Major slate suppliers for the billiards industry are Italy, Brazil and China. Some cheaper tables, and novelty tables designed for outdoor use, do not use genuine slate beds, but artificial materials such as Slatrol.
slide
Also, sliding ball when used in gerund form. Describes a
cue ball sliding on the
cloth without any
top spin or
back spin on it.
slip stroke
A stroking technique in which a player releases his gripping hand briefly and re-grasps the cue farther back on the
butt just before hitting the cue ball. See Cowboy Jimmy Moore; a well known practitioner of the slip stroke.
slop
1.
Also slop shot. A luck shot.
Compare fish and fluke; contrast mark (sense 3) and call.
2.
Also sloppy. Descriptive of any game where the rules have been varied to allow luck shots not normally allowed or where no
foul rules apply.
slop pockets
Pocket openings that are significantly wider than are typical and thus allow shots hit with a poor degree of accuracy to be made that would not be pocketed on a table with more exacting pocket dimensions.
slow
1. Describes a billiard table with loosely woven, dirty, too-new or worn-out
cloth (baize), upon which the balls move slower and shorter distances.
See table speed for more information.
2. Producing dull, sluggish action; said of
cushions or of the balls, in addition to the above, cloth-related definition.
3. Unusually rejecting of balls; said of pockets;
see pocket speed (sense 1) for more information. "
Fast" is the direct opposite of "slow" in all of these usages.
small
Also smalls, small ones, small balls. In eight-ball, to be shooting the solid
suit (
group) of balls (1 through 7); "you're the small one" or "I've got the smalls".
Compare little, solids, reds, low, spots, dots, unders; contrast big.
smash-through
The effect of shooting regulation-weight
object balls with an old-fashioned over-weight
bar table cue ball, such that the cue ball moves forward to occupy (sometimes only temporarily), or go beyond, the original position of the object ball, even on a draw or stop shot, because the mass of the cue ball exceeds that of the object ball. Players who understand smash-through well can use it intentionally for position play, such as to nudge other object balls nearby the target ball. Smash-through also makes it dangerous in
bar pool (when equipped with such a cue ball) to pocket straight-on
ducks with a
stop shot instead of by
cheating the pocket because of the likelihood of
scratching the cue ball.
snap
Same as break, sense 1.
sneaky pete
A two-piece cue constructed to resemble a
house cue, with a near-invisible wood-to-wood
joint. The subterfuge often enables a hustler to temporarily fool unsuspecting
fish into thinking that he or she is an unskilled
banger with no regard for finesse or equipment quality. Many
league players also use cheap but solid sneaky petes as their
break cues.
snick
A British term for a
pot that requires very fine contact between
cue ball and
object ball.
See also feather.
snooker
1. (noun) The game of snooker.
2. (verb) To leave the opponent (accidentally or by means of a
safety) so that a certain shot on a preferred
object ball cannot be played directly in a straight line by normal cueing. It most commonly means that the object ball cannot be hit, because it is hidden by another ball or, more rarely, the
knuckle of a
pocket (see
corner-hooked). It can also refer to the
potting angle or another significant point of contact on the object ball, blocking an otherwise more straightforward shot, even if an edge can be seen. A common related adjective describing a player in this situation is
snookered. Also known as "
to hook", for which the corresponding adjective "hooked" is also common.
See also free ball.
3. (noun) An instance of this situation (e.g. "she's put him in a difficult snooker"). A player can choose a range of shots to get out of a snooker; usually a
kick shot will be implemented but
semi-massés are often preferred, and in games where it is not a
foul,
jump shots may be employed that often yield good results for skilled players. "Snooker" is used loosely (when used at all; "hook" is favored) in the US, but has very specific definitions and subtypes (such as the
total snooker) in blackball.
See also safe.
snooker spectacles
Also snooker specs, snooker glasses. Same as billiards glasses.
snookers required
A phrase used in snooker to describe the scenario whereby there are not enough available points on the table to level the scores for the
frame, therefore the trailing player needs his/her opponent to
foul in order to be able to make up the deficit. The name comes from the fact that this would normally have to be achieved by placing the leading player in foul-prone situations such as difficult
snookers.
soft break
A
break shot in which the
rack (
pack) is disturbed as little as possible within the bounds of a
legal shot, in order to force the opponent to have to break it up further. A soft break is desirable in some games, such as straight pool, in which breaking is a disadvantage; and forbidden by the
open break rules of other games such as nine-ball and eight-ball.
solids
Also solid, solid ones, solid balls. The non-striped ball
suit (
group) of a fifteen ball set that are numbered 1 through 7 and have a solid color scheme (i.e., not including the 8 ball). As in, "I'm solid", or "you've got the solids".
Compare lows, smalls, littles, reds, spots, dots, unders; contrast stripes.
special average
Abr. = SA, term from carom billiards. The number indicates the relation between the points and innings (points ÷ innings = SA) a player has made in a single match. E. g. 40 points in 10 innings is a SA of 4.000. Higher numbers indicate better players. see also
general average
speed
1. A player's skill level (subjectively) or numerical
handicap (objectively).
2. Rapidity with which a ball, especially the
cue ball is rolling on the table.
See also pocket speed (sense 2), speed control.
3.
Same as pocket speed (sense 1)
4.
Same as table speed (cloth speed).
speed control
The use of the correct amount of
cue ball speed in
position play to achieve proper
shape for a subsequent shot.
spider
Also spider rest. A type of rest, similar to a common American-style rake bridge but with longer legs supporting the head so that the cue is higher and can reach over and around an obstructing ball to reach the cue ball. See also swan.
spin
Rotational motion applied to a ball, especially to the
cue ball by the
tip of the cue, although if the cue ball is itself rotating it will impart (opposite) spin (in a lesser amount) to a contacted
object ball. Types of spin include
top spin,
bottom or
back spin (also known as
draw or
screw), and left and right
side spin, all with widely differing and vital effects. Collectively they are often referred to in American English as "
english". Its invention is credited to François Mingaud.
See also massé.
split
1.
Also split shot and split hit. In pool, a type of shot in which two
object balls are initially contacted by the
cue ball simultaneously or so close to simultaneously as for the difference to be indistinguishable to the eye. In most sets of rules it is a
foul if the split is one in which one of the object balls is a (or the only) legal target (
ball-on) and the other is not; however, such a split is commonly considered a legal shot in informal
bar pool in many areas if it is
called as a split and does appear to strike the balls simultaneously).
2. In pool, the degree to which
racked balls move apart upon impact by the
cue ball as a result of a
break shot.
3. In snooker, a shot sending the
cue ball into the
pack of
red balls and separating them (after
potting the
ball-on). At least one split is usually necessary in each
frame, since the original triangle of reds does not allow any balls to be potted reliably.
spot (noun)
1. spot, a: In pool games such as nine-ball, a specific
handicap given (e.g., "what spot will you give me?").
2. spot, a: In snooker, any of the six designated points on the table on which a
colour ball is replaced after it has left the playing surface (usually after it has been
potted).
3. spot, a: An (often unmarked) point on the table, at the intersection of two
strings.
See foot spot, head spot, center spot for examples.
4. spots: Alternate name for a table's
diamonds (
sights).
5. spot, the
:
Also spot ball, spotted ball, the spot. In carom billiards and English billiards, the second player's cue ball, which for the shooting player is another object ball along with the red. Contrast the
white ball, the starting player's cue ball.
6. spots:
Also spot balls, spotted balls, the spots. Chiefly British. In a numbered pool ball set, the
group of seven balls, other than
the black, that are a solid colour with the number on the ball inside a small white spot on the otherwise solid-coloured surface.
Also referred to as solids; chiefly American colloquialisms are lows, littles and smalls, while alternative British terms include dots and unders. Contrast stripes.
7. spot, the:
Short for black spot.
spot (verb)
1. In pool, return an illegally pocketed object ball to the table by placement on the
foot spot or as near to it as possible without moving other balls (in ways that may differ from ruleset to ruleset).
2. In snooker, to return a
colour ball to its designated spot on the table. Also called re-spot.
3. In nine-ball, the giving of a
handicap to the opponent where they can also win by making a ball or balls other than the 9 ball (e.g. "she spotted me the seven ball").
4. In eight-ball, one-pocket and straight pool, the giving of a handicap to the opponent where they have to make fewer balls than their opponent does.
5. In some variants of pool, to place the cue ball on the
head spot or as near to it as possible inside
the kitchen/
baulk, after the opponent has
scratched.
spot shot
The situation arising in many pool games where a ball is spotted to the table's
foot spot or some other specific location and the
cue ball must be shot from the
kitchen or
the "D". There are
diamond system aiming techniques for pocketing such shots without
scratching the cue ball into a pocket.
spot stroke
Also spot-stroke, spot hazard. A form of
nurse shot in English billiards, in which the
red ball, which must be
spotted to a specific location after every time it is
potted before another shot is taken, is potted in such a way as to leave the
cue ball in
position to repeat the same shot, permitting a skilled player to rack up many
points in a single
break of shots in one
visit.
squeeze shot
Any shot in which the cue ball or an object ball has to squeeze by (just miss with almost no margin for error) another ball or balls in order to reach its intended target.
squirt
Same as deflection.
stake
1. (noun) A player's wager in a
money game.
Contrast pot, definition 3.
2. (verb) To provide part or all of a player's stake for a gambling session in which one is not a player, i.e. to be a
stakehorse for the player.
Same as back.
stakehorse
One who
stakes (monetarily backs) a gambling player; a.k.a.
backer. "Stakehorse" can also be used as a verb.
stall
1. To intentionally hide one's "
speed" (skill); "he's on the stall."
2. To intentionally play slowly so as to irritate one's opponent. This form of
sharking has been eliminated from many tournaments with a shot clock, and from many leagues with time-limit rules.
stance
A shooter's body position and posture during a shot.
See also cue action.
stay shot
In the UK, a long-distance shot played to
pot a ball close to a
pocket with heavy
top spin, so that when the
cue ball hits the
cushion it bounces off but then stops due to the counteraction of the spin. It is not common in competitive play, being more of an exhibition shot.
steering
The lamentable practice of not following through with the
cue straight, but veering off in the direction of the shot's travel or the side
english is applied, away from the proper aiming line; a common source of missed shots.
stick
Same as cue.
stop shot
Any shot where the
cue ball stops immediately after hitting an
object ball. Generally requires a
full hit.
straight eight
Also straight eight-ball. Same as bar pool. Not to be confused with the games of straight pool or straight rail.
straight up
To play even; without a
handicap. Also called heads up.
string
1. A (usually unmarked) line running across the table between one
diamond and its corresponding diamond on the opposite
rail.
See also head string, foot string, long string for examples.
2.
Same as scoring string, a.k.a. wire sense 2. Can be used as a verb, as in "string that point for me, will you?"
3. A successive series of wins, e.g. of
games or
frames in a
match or
race.
4.
Chiefly British; same as lag.
5. A metaphor for precise control, as in
Having the cue ball on a string.
string-off
Also string off. Obsolete: Same as string, sense 4, and lag.
stripes
Also striped ones, striped balls. The ball
suit (
group) of a fifteen ball set that are numbered 9 through 15 and have a wide colored bar around the middle.
Compare bigs, highs, yellows, overs; contrast solids.
stroke
1. The motion of the cue stick and the player's arm on a shot;
2. The strength, fluidity and finesse of a player's shooting technique; "she has a good stroke."
3.
See In stroke: A combination of finesse, good judgement, accuracy and confidence.
stroke, catch a
To suddenly be
in stroke after poor prior play; "she caught a stroke."
stroke, to be in
See In stroke.
stun run-through
A shot played with
stun, but not quite enough to completely stop the
cue ball, allowing for a little
follow. It is played so that a
follow shot can be controlled more reliably, with a firmer strike than for a slow roll. It is widely considered as one of the most difficult shots in the game to master, but an excellent weapon in a player's armory once it has been.
stun shot
A shot where the
cue ball has no
top spin or
back spin on it when it impacts an object ball, and "stuns" out along the
tangent line. Commonly shortened to just "stun."
sucker shot
A shot that only a novice or fool would take. Usually because it is a guaranteed
scratch or other
foul, or because it has a low percentage of being pocketed and is likely to leave the opponent in good position.
suit
A (principally American) term in eight-ball for either of the set of seven balls (
stripes or
solids) that must be cleared before
sinking the 8 ball. Borrowed from card games. Generally used in the generic, especially in rulesets or articles, rather than colloquially by players.
See also group for the British equivalent.
surgeon
A player skilled at very thin
cut shots, and shots in which a ball must pass cleanly through a very narrow space (such as the
cue ball between two of the opponent's
object balls with barely enough room) to avoid a foul and/or to pocket a ball. Such shots may be referred to as "surgery", "surgical shots", "surgical cuts", etc. (chiefly US, colloquial).
See also feather (US) or snick (UK).
swan
Also swan rest. A type of rest, similar to a spider in that the head is raised by longer supporting legs, but instead of a selection of grooves on the top for the cue to rest in there is only one, on the end of an overhanging neck, so that a player can get to the cue ball more easily if the path is blocked by two or more obstructing balls. Also known as the goose neck
sweaters
Those who are
stakehorsing a match or have side bets on it and are "sweating the
action", i.e. nervous about its outcome.
swerve
An unintentional and often barely perceptible curve imparted to the path of the
cue ball from the use of
english without a level
cue. Not to be confused with a
swerve shot.
swerve shot
Same as semi-massé. Compare curve shot.
table cloth
Same as cloth.
table roll
A flaw in the table, such as lack of leveling, loose
cloth at the
fall of a
pocket, a divot in the
bed, etc., that causes a ball, especially a slow-moving one, to not roll or settle as expected.
table scratch
1. Failure to hit any legal
object ball at all with the
cue ball. In most sets of rules, this is a
foul like any other. However, in some variants of
bar pool a table scratch while shooting for the
8 ball is a loss of game where other more minor fouls might not be, as is
scratching on the 8 ball (neither result in a loss of game in professional and most amateur league rules).
2. By way of drift from the above definition, the term is also applied by many league players to the foul in more standardized rules of failing to drive a (any) ball to a
cushion, or to
pocket a legal object ball, after the cue ball's initial contact with an object ball.
3. Uncommonly, and by way of entirely different derivation ("scratch off the table"), it can also mean knocking the cue ball (or more loosely, any ball) completely off the table.
table speed
Subjective assessment of the rapidity with which balls most on the billiard table's
cloth (baize). Balls roll faster and farther on "
fast" tables with tighly-woven, broken-in, clean cloth as they experience less friction than with "
slow" cloth that is dirty or is fuzzy because of a loose weave and cheap material or because it is wearing out. The terms may be used comparatively, as in "this is a really fast table", or "I don't like cloth this slow". Fast cloth can make
draw (
screw) shots somewhat less effective, as there is less purchase for the
cue ball's
back spin. On the other hand,
slide and
stop shots are easier on fast cloth because it is so comparatively smooth. Sometimes called
cloth speed.
talc
Also hand talc. White talcum powder placed on a player's
bridge hand to reduce moisture so that a cue's
shaft can slide more easily. Many establishments do not provide it as too many recreational players will use far more than is necessary and transfer it all over the table's surface, the floor, furniture, etc. Venues that do provide it usually do so in the form of compressed cones about 6–inches tall. Some serious players bring their own, in a bottle or a porous bag that can be patted on the bridge hand. Many players prefer a
pool glove. Talc is frequently mistakenly referred to as "
hand chalk", despite not being made of chalk.
tangent line
The imaginary line drawn perpendicular to the impact line between the cue ball and an object ball. The cue ball will travel along this line after impact with an object ball if it has no vertical spin on it (is sliding) at the moment of impact on a non-center-to-center collision.
See also stun shot.
taper
The profile of the shaft of the cue as it increases in diameter from the tip to the joint. A "fast" or "slow" taper refers to how quickly the diameter increases. A "pro" taper describes a shaft that tapers rapidly from the joint size to the tip size so as to provide a long, untapered stroking area.
tapper
A
tip tool with fine, sharp points used to roughen the
cue tip to better hold
chalk after it has become hardened and smooth from repeated impacts with the
cue ball. Tappers are firmly tapped on or pressed against the tip.
Scuffers serve the same purpose, but are used differently.
template
1.
See pocket template.
2.
See racking template.
3.
See training template.
thin
See overcut.
three-foul rule
The three-foul rule describes a situation in which a player is assessed a defined penalty after committing a third successive foul. The exact penalty, its prerequisites and whether it is in place at all, vary depending on the games. In nine-ball and straight pool, a player must be the told he is on two fouls in order to transgress the rule, and if violated, results in a loss of game for the former and a special point penalty of a loss of fifteen points (plus one for the foul itself) in the latter together with the ability to require the violator to rerack and rebreak. In Irish standard pool and English billiards, it is a loss of game if a player commits a third foul while shooting at
the black. In snooker, three successive fouls from a non-
snookered position result in forfeiting the frame. Repeat fouls from a snookered position are quite common – Dave Harold holds the record in a competitive match, missing the same shot 14 successive times.
throw
The normal phenomenon where the object ball is pushed in a direction very slightly off the pure contact angle between the two balls. Caused by the friction imparted by the first ball sliding past or rotating against the other ball.
tickie
A shot in which the
cue ball is driven first to one or more
rails, then hits an
object ball and
kisses back to the last rail contacted. It is a common shot in carom games, but can be applied to such an instance in any relevant cue sport.
tied up
Describing a ball that is
safe because it is in close proximity to one or more other balls, and would need to be
developed before it becomes
pottable.
tight
1. Describing a situation where a
pot is made more difficult, either by a
pocket being partially blocked by another ball so that not all of it is available, or the
cue ball path to the
object ball's potting angle involves going past another ball very closely.
2. Describing pockets that are themselves narrower than average, making for a more challenging table.
3.
Chiefly British: A resting ball that is in actual contact with a
cushion is said to be "tight" to that cushion. The chiefly American term "
frozen" means the same thing, except that it can also apply to a ball in contact with one or more other balls rather than with a cushion.
time shot
Any shot in which the cue ball moves another ball to a different position and then rebounds from one or more rails to contact the object ball again (normally in an attempt to
pocket it or score a
billiard).
timing
The ease with which a player is generating
cue power, due to well-timed acceleration of the
cue at the appropriate point in a shot.
tip
Same as cue tip.
tip clamp
A small clamping
tip tool used to firmly hold and apply pressure to a replacement
cue tip until the glue holding the tip to the
ferrule has fully dried.
tip tool
Also tiptool, tip-tool. Any of a class of maintenance tools for
cue tips, including
shapers,
scuffers,
mushroom trimmers,
tappers,
burnishers and
tip clamps. Road, league and tournament players often carry an array of tip tools in their cases. The term is not applied to
cue chalk.
titty
Also tittie; plural titties. Same as knuckle. By analogy to the human breast.
titty-hooked
Also tittie-hooked. Same as corner-hooked.
top
1.
Chiefly British: The half of the table in which the
object balls are
racked (in games in which racked balls are used). This usage is conceptually opposite that in North America, where this end of the table is called the
foot. In snooker, this is where the
reds are racked, nearest the
black spot; this is the area in which most of the game is usually played.
Contrast bottom.
2.
Chiefly American: Exactly the opposite of the British usage above – the
head end of the table. No longer in common usage.
3.
Short for top spin, i.e. same as follow.
top cushion
Chiefly British: The
cushion on the
top rail.
Compare foot cushion (U.S.); contrast bottom cushion.
top-of-the-table play
This technique involves all three balls being grouped in close proximity at the top end of the table and scoring with a succession of short range pots and cannons. A typical starting point is with the red placed on its spot, object white on or near the centreline somewhere between the spot and the top cushion, and the cueball posed nearby to pot the red or make a gentle cannon. If the pot, then it should be played so as to leave the cueball in a good position for the next shot. If the cannon, then the purpose is to disturb the object white as little as possible and finish clear to pot the red which has been left near the corner pocket. Then in potting the red the cueball must again be left in a good position for the next shot, and so on. This form of play makes it possible to compile really big breaks in relatively short time.
top rail
Chiefly British: The
rail at the
Top of the table.
Compare foot rail (U.S.); contrast Bottom rail.
top spin
Also topspin, top-spin, top.
Same as follow. Contrast bottom spin, back spin. See illustration at spin.
total clearance
A term used in snooker for the
potting of all the balls that are
racked at the beginning of the
frame in a single
break (
run). The minimum total clearance affords 72 points (barring multiple
reds being potted on a single
stroke), in the pattern of red then
yellow repeatedly until all reds are potted, then all of the
colour balls. The
maximum break is 147 (barring a foul by the opponent immediately before the break began).
total snooker
In blackball, a situation where the player cannot
see any of the balls she/he wants to hit due to obstruction by other balls or the
knuckle of a
pocket. The player must
call "total snooker" to the
referee, which allows a dispensation to the player from having to hit a
cushion after contacting the
object ball, which is otherwise a
foul.
touching ball
In snooker, the situation in which the cue ball is resting in contact with an object ball. If the object ball is a ball that may legally be hit, then it is allowable to simply hit away from it and it counts as having hit it in the shot. If that ball moves, then a push shot must have occurred, in which case it is a foul. This rule is sometimes applies to British pool as well as snooker. In American-style pool, and in carom billiards, a less stringent definition of a push shot applies; see frozen.
tournament card
Jargon for a tournament chart, showing which players are playing against whom and what the results are. Often shortened to
card.
treble
Same as triple.
treble century
Same as triple century.
training template
A thin sheet of rigid material in the size and shape of a physical ball rack (e.g. a diamond for nine-ball), with holes drilled though it, which is used to make permanent divots in the cloth of the table, one at a time for each ball in the racking pattern, by placing a ball in one of the holes in the carefully placed template and tapping it sharply from above to create the cloth indentation. The holes are spaced slightly closer than the regulation ball width of 21⁄2 inch (57.15 mm) apart, so that when the balls settle partially into their divots, the outer sides of these indentations create ball-on-ball pressure, pushing the balls together tightly. The purpose of the template is to do away with using a physical rack, with racking instead being performed simply by placing the balls into position, and the divots aligning them into the tightest possible formation automatically. This prevents accidental loose racks, and also thwarts the possibility of cheating by carefully manipulating the ball positions while racking. The European Pocket Billiard Federation (EPBF, Europe's WPA affiliate organization) has adopted this racking technique for its professional Euro-Tour event series. See also racking template, pocket template.
triangle
1. A rack in the form of an equilateral triangle. There are different sizes of triangles for
racking different games (which use different ball sizes and numbers of balls), including the fifteen ball racks for snooker and various pool games such as eight-ball and blackball. A larger triangle is used for the twenty-one ball rack for baseball pocket billiards). The smallest triangle rack is employed in three-ball
(see illustration at that article) but is not strictly necessary, as the front of a larger rack can be used, or the balls can be arranged by hand.
2. The
object balls in triangular formation, before the
break shot, after being racked as above
(i.e., same as rack, definition 2). Principally British.
(See also pyramid.)
trick shot
An exhibition shot designed to impress either by a player's skill or knowledge of how to set the balls up and take advantage of the angles of the table; usually a combination of both. A trick shot may involve items otherwise never seen during the course of a game, such as bottles, baskets, etc., and even members of the audience being placed on or around the table.
triple
Also treble. A British term for a type of
bank shot in which the
object ball is
potted off two
cushions, especially by sending it twice across the table and into a
side pocket. Also called a
two-cushion double.
triple century
Also treble century, triple-century break, treble-century break.
See double century.
turn
Same as visit.
two-cushion double
Same as triple.
two-pot-rule
two-shot carry
A rule in blackball whereby after an opponent has
faulted and thus yielded
two shots, if the incoming shooter
pots a ball on the first shot, (s)he is still allowed to miss in a later shot and take a second shot
in-hand (from
the "D" or from
baulk, or if the opponent potted the cue ball, from anywhere)—even on
the black, in most variants. Also called the "two visits" rule; i.e., the two penalty shots are considered independent
visits to the table, and the limiting variants discussed at
two shots below cannot logically apply.
two shots
In blackball, a penalty conceded by a player after a
fault. The incoming opponent is then allowed to miss twice before the faulting player is allowed another
visit. Many local rules state the
in-hand from the D (see
D, the) or
baulk (or if the opponent potted the cue ball, from anywhere) nature of the second shot is lost if a ball is potted on the first shot, that it is lost if the ball potted in the first shot was that player's last
coloured ball (
object ball in their
group), and/or that there is only ever one shot on
the black after a fault.
See two-shot carry for more detail on a sub-rule that may apply (and eliminate the variations discussed here).
two visits
See two-shot carry.
two-way shot
1. A shot in which if the target is missed, the opponent is safe or will not have a desirable shot;
2. A shot in which there are two ways to score;
3. A shot in which a second ball is targeted to be pocketed, broken out of a cluster, repositioned or some other secondary goal is also intended.
umbrella shot
A three cushion billiards shot in which the cue ball first strikes two cushions before hitting the first object ball then hits a third cushion before hitting the second object ball. So called because the shot opens up like an umbrella after hitting the third rail. Umbrella shots may be classified as inside or outside depending on which side of the first object ball the cue ball contacts.
umpire
Chiefly American, and largely obsolete: Same as referee. Derives from the usage in baseball.
undercut
Also under-cut.
1 To hit the object ball with not enough of a cut angle; hitting the object ball too full or "fat". It is a well-known maxim that overcutting is preferable to undercutting because of the principle of the "professional side of the pocket". May be used as a noun: "That was a bad undercut."
2. On snooker and English billiards tables, to trim back (usually by filing and sanding, not actually cutting) the underside of the protruding
knuckle of the
cushion, a.k.a. the
nose of the cushion, from where the cushion starts to curve into the
pocket until it ends inside the pocket
jaws. The result is a cushion
face at the knuckle that angles inward toward where the base of the
rail meets the
bed of the table, instead of one that is perpendicular to the bed. At this point it is thus more like a triangular pool cushion
profile, with its "backboard" effect, than a sideways-L-shaped snooker cushion profile. Undercut knuckles make for an easier pocket to
pot balls in from an angle – a "faster
pocket speed" – because they raise the contact point between cushion and ball to above the centre of the ball, reducing the tendency of the ball to be rebounded away. Also used as a noun: "The amount of the undercut has a major effect on pocket playability."
unders
Same as solids, in New Zealand. Compare little, small, reds, low, spots, dots; contrast overs.
unintentional english
Inadvertent
english placed on the cue ball by a failure to hit it dead center on its horizontal axis. It is both a common source of missed shots and commonly overlooked when attempts are made to determine the reason for a miss. In UK parlance this is usually called 'unwanted side'.
up-table
Toward the
head of the table.
velcro
A British term describing when a ball is
tight on the
cushion and a player sends the
cue ball to hit both the
object ball and the rail at nearly the same time; the object ball, ideally, stays tight to the rail and is thus "velcroed" to the rail.
Inside english is often employed to achieve this effect, hitting slightly before the ball. The movement of a ball just next to the rail (but not the shot described to achieve this movement) is called
hugging the rail in both the UK and the US.
visit
One of the alternating turns players (or
doubles teams) are allowed at the table, before a shot is played that concedes a visit to his/her opponent (e.g. "he ran out in one visit"). Usually synonymous with
inning as applied to a single player/team, except in
scotch doubles format.
wall rack
1. A one-piece or two-piece item of wall-mounted furniture designed to store cue sticks and sometimes other accessories such as the
mechanical bridge (
rest), balls,
chalk, etc., when not in use. May consist of two small pieces of wood, or be an elaborately decorative large work of carpentry.
Contrast Cue stand.
2.
Same as scoring rack.
warrior
An
object ball positioned near a
pocket so that another object ball shot at that pocket will likely go
in off the warrior, even if aimed so imperfectly that if the warrior had been absent, the shot likely would have missed. Usually arises when a ball is being
banked to the pocket.
way
1. Term for object balls in the game of Chicago that are each assigned as having a set money value; typically the 5, 8, 10, 13 and 15.
2. In games where multiple balls must be pocketed in succession to score a specific number of
points, such as cribbage pool or thirty-one pool, when the last ball necessary to score has been potted, the points total given is referred to as a "way". This is a usage borrowed from card games.
weight
To "give someone weight" is to give them a
handicap to compensate for notable differences in skill level.
Compare spot (noun), sense 1.
white ball
Also the white.
1. Alternate name for the cue ball.
2. In carom billiards games and English billiards, a more specific term for the starting opponent's
cue ball, which for the shooting player is another
object ball along with
the red.
Contrast spot ball, the other player's cue ball.
whitewash
Principally British: In snooker, if a player wins all of the required
frames in a
match without conceding a frame to their opponent – for example, if a player wins a best-of-nine-frame match with a score of 5-0 – this is referred to as a "whitewash". This term is based on a similar term used in the card game of "patience" in the UK. However, it is not used in the context of a 1-0 winning scoreline in a match consisting of a single frame.
whitey
Alternate name for the
cue ball.
wild
When a ball is given as a
handicap it often must be called (generally tacit). A wild handicap means the ball can be made in any manner specifically
without being called.
wing ball
Either of the balls on the lateral extremities of a racked set of balls in position for a break shot; the two balls at the outside of a 15-ball rack in the back row, or the balls to the left and right of the 9 ball in nine-ball's diamond
rack-shaped opening set up position. In nine-ball It is seen as a reliable sign of a good
break (which is normally taken from close to either
cushion in the
kitchen) if the opposite wing ball is
pocketed.
See also break box.
wing shot
Shooting at an object ball that is already in motion ("on the wing") at the moment of shooting and cue ball impact; it is a
foul in most games, and usually only seen in trick shots and in speed pool.
winning hazard
Also winner. (Largely obsolete.) A shot in which the
cue ball is used to
pot another ball. In snooker and most pool games doing this is known as
potting,
pocketing or
sinking the targeted ball. The term derives from this hazard winning the player points, while
losing hazards cost the player points, in early forms of billiards. Whether the ball is an
object ball or an opponent's cue ball depends upon the type of game (some have two cue balls). The move will score
points in most (but not all) games in which
hazards (as such) apply, such as English billiards (in which a "red winner" is the potting of the
red ball and a "white winner" the potting of the opponent's cue ball, each worth a different amount of points).
Contrast losing hazard.
wipe its feet
British term referring to the base or metaphorical "feet" of a ball that rattles in the
jaws of a
pocket before eventually dropping. Usually said of an
object ball for which the intention was to
pot it.
wire, the
1. Actual wire or string with multiple beads strung (like an abacus) used for keeping
score. Beads may be numbered or, more commonly, are in series of nine small beads representing 1s punctuated by larger beads representing 10s. Scoring strings are usually strung over the table, above the lights, but may be mounted on the wall.
Points "on the wire" are a type of handicap used, where a weaker player will be given a certain number of points before the start of the game.
2. The grapevine in the pool world, carrying news of what action is taking place where in the country.
wired
And wired combination/combo, wired kiss, etc. Same as dead (and variants listed there).
wood
A slang term for a cue, usually used with "piece", as in "that's a nice piece of wood".
Contrast firewood.
wrap
Also wrapping, grip. A covering of leather, nylon string,
Irish linen or other material around the area of the butt of a cue where the cue is normally gripped.
yellow ball
Also yellow(s).
1. In snooker, the lowest-value colour ball, being worth two points. It is one of the baulk colours. In some (especially American) snooker ball sets it is numbered "2" on its surface. It is placed on the yellow spot.
2. In blackball, one of two
groups of seven
object balls that must be potted before the
eight ball;
compare stripes; contrast red ball.
yellow spot
The
spot (usually not specially marked because it is obvious) on a snooker table at which the
yellow ball is placed. Regardless of table size, it is the intersection of
the "D" and the
balk line on the
breaker's right side. The left-to-right order of the
green,
brown and yellow balls is the subject of the mnemonic phrase "
God
bless
you".
yellow pocket
In snooker, the
corner pocket that is closest to the
yellow spot.
zone
Also in the zone. Describes an extended period of functioning in
dead stroke ("she's in the zone"). Sometimes capitalized for humorous effect.