Gerundive (/dʒəˈrʌndɪv/) is a term in Latin grammar for a verb form that functions as an adjective. Traditionally, the term has been applied to verbal adjectives and nouns in other languages.
Contents
- Form
- Meaning and use
- Gerundive expressions widely quoted or adopted in English
- Later developments
- English
- Pali
- Tigrinya
- References
In Classical Latin, the gerundive is distinct in form and function from the gerund and the present active participle. In Late Latin, the differences were largely lost, resulting in a form derived from the gerund or gerundive but functioning more like a participle. The adjectival gerundive form survives in the formation of progressive aspect forms in Italian, Spanish and Brazilian Portuguese. In French the adjectival gerundive and particle forms merged completely, and the term gérondif is used for adverbial use of -ant forms.
There is no true equivalent to the gerundive in English; the closest translation is a passive to-infinitive non-finite clause such as books to be read. That reflects the most common use of the Latin gerundive, to combine a transitive verb (such as read) and its object (such as books), usually with a sense of obligation. Another translation is the recent development of the must- prefix as in a must-read book.
Form
The Latin gerundive is a form of the verb. It is composed of
For example
Related gerund forms are composed in a similar way with nominal inflexional endings.
Meaning and use
In principle, the gerund could express a wide range of meaning relationships: 'capable of, 'prone to', 'ripe for' (killing, dying, rising, rolling etc). Some gerundives have much the same meaning as present participles: secundus 'following; oriendus 'arising, descended from'; volvendus 'rolling'. Originally it could express active or passive meaning, and therefore could be used with verbs in intransitive as well as transitive use. However, the great majority of gerundive forms were used with passive meaning of transitive verbs.
In principle, the gerundive could be used as either a predicative or attributive adjective. However, attributive use was rare, largely confined to verbs expressing approval or disapproval. The predicative use invited a secondary meaning of obligation (a meaning not shared with the gerund). Thus
This sense of obligation with passive meaning is by far the most common use of the gerundive. Thus it has been equated with a future passive participle.
A neuter form without a noun may function as an impersonal expression, for example: addendum 'something to be added'; referendum 'something to be referred back'. These are not gerund forms; the -um form of the gerund is used only after prepositions. The plural forms without nouns such as agenda 'things to be done' are also adjectival gerundives; the gerund has no plural form.
For details of the formation and usage of the Latin gerundive, see Latin conjugation § Gerundive and Latin syntax § The gerundive.
Gerundive expressions widely quoted or adopted in English
Later developments
In Late Latin, the distinction between gerundive and future participle was sometimes lost. Thus, gerundive moriendi is found for morituri 'about to die'. Conversely, future particles recepturus and scripturus are found for recipientus and scriptures. More regularly, the gerundive came to be used as a future passive participle. Eventually the gerundive in the nominative case came to substitute for the present participle.
In some important Romance languages that developed from Late Latin, the Classical present participle forms with -nt- suffix became confused with the Classical gerundive forms with -nd-.
English
The term is occasionally used in descriptions of English grammar, to denote the present participle used adjectivally or adverbially e.g. 'take a running jump'. That form, ending in -ing, is identical to that of the English gerund, but it is generally called a gerund when it is used as a noun, not as an adjective or adverb e.g. 'the running of the deer'.
Pali
The term gerundive may be used in grammars and dictionaries of Pali, for example the Pali Text Society's Pali-English Dictionary of 1921-25. It is referred to by some other writers as the participle of necessity, the potential participle or the future passive participle. It is used with the same meaning as the Latin gerundive.
Tigrinya
In the east African Semitic language Tigrinya, gerundive is used to denote a particular finite verb form, not a verbal adjective or adverb. Generally, it denotes completed action that is still relevant. A verb in the gerundive can be used alone or serially with another gerundive verb. In the latter case, it may sometimes be translated with an adverbial clause: bitri hidju kheydu (literally, "a-stick he-took-hold-of he-began-walking") means "while holding a stick, he is walking", i.e. "he is carrying a stick". See Tigrinya verbs.