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François Marie Raoult

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Nationality
  
French

Fields
  
Role
  
Chemist

Name
  
Francois-Marie Raoult

Known for
  
Raoult\'s law


Francois-Marie Raoult httpsuploadwikimediaorgwikipediacommonsthu

Died
  
April 1, 1901, Grenoble, France

François-Marie Raoult (10 May 1830 – 1 April 1901) was a French chemist who conducted research into the behavior of solutions, especially their physical properties.

Contents

François-Marie Raoult FranoisMarie Raoult carnotcycle

Life and work

François-Marie Raoult httpsuploadwikimediaorgwikipediacommonscc

Raoult was born at Fournes, in the département of Nord. He became aspirant répétiteur at the Lycée of Reims in 1853, and after holding several intermediate positions was appointed in 1862 to the professorship of chemistry in Sens lycée. There he prepared a thesis on electromotive force which gained him a doctor's degree in Paris the following year.

François-Marie Raoult FrancoisMarie Raoult formulated Raoult39s law discovered aqueous

In 1867 Raoult was put in charge of chemistry classes at Grenoble, and three years later he succeeded to the chair of chemistry, which he held until his death in 1901. Raoult's earliest researches were physical in character, being largely concerned with the phenomena of the voltaic cell; later there was a period when more purely chemical questions engaged his attention.

Raoult's name is best known in connection with work on solutions, to which he devoted the last two decades of his life. His first paper describing how solutes depressed the freezing points of solutions was published in 1878. Further experiments with various solvents, such as benzene and acetic acid, in addition to water, led him to believe in a simple relation between the molecular weights of a solute and the freezing-point of a solution. He expressed the relationship as the loi générale de la congélation (general law of freezing), that if one molecule of a substance be dissolved in 100 molecules of any given solvent, the temperature of solidification of the latter will be lowered by 0.63 °C. Another relation on which Raoult worked was that concerning the depression of a solvent's vapor pressure, due to a solute, showing that the decrease is proportional to the solute's molecular weight. This relationships holds best in the limiting case of a dilute solution. These two generalizations afforded a new method of determining the molecular weights of dissolved substances, and were utilized by Jacobus van 't Hoff and Wilhelm Ostwald, among other chemists, in support of the hypothesis of electrolytic dissociation in solutions. Raoult's freezing-point depression method became even more useful after it was improved by Ernst Otto Beckmann and became a standard technique for determining molecular weights of organic substances.

François-Marie Raoult Raoult FranoisMarie Lexikon der Biologie Spektrum der

An account of Raoult's life and work was given by Professor van 't Hoff in a memorial lecture delivered before the London Chemical Society on 26 March 1902.

Activities and honors

  • Prix International de Chimie LaCaze (1889)
  • Davy Medal (1892)
  • Prix de l'Institut (1895)
  • Commandeur de la Légion d'Honneur (1900)

  • François-Marie Raoult Artigo de apoio Infopdia Franois Marie Raoult

    François-Marie Raoult FranoisMarie Raoult carnotcycle

    References

    François-Marie Raoult Wikipedia