A finite-state transducer (FST) is a finite-state machine with two memory tapes, following the terminology for Turing machines: an input tape and an output tape. This contrasts with an ordinary finite-state automaton (or finite-state acceptor), which has a single tape. A FST is a type of finite-state automaton that maps between two sets of symbols. A FST is more general than a finite-state automaton (FSA). A FSA defines a formal language by defining a set of accepted strings while a FST defines relations between sets of strings.
Contents
- Overview
- Formal construction
- Weighted automata
- Operations on finite state transducers
- Additional properties of finite state transducers
- Applications
- References
A FST will read a set of strings on the input tape and generates a set of relations on the output tape. An FST can be thought of as a translator or relater between strings in a set.
In morphological parsing, an example would be inputting a string of letters into the FST, the FST would then output a string of morphemes.
Overview
An automaton can be said to recognize a string if we view the content of its tape as input. In other words, the automaton computes a function that maps strings into the set {0,1}. Alternatively, we can say that an automaton generates strings, which means viewing its tape as an output tape. On this view, the automaton generates a formal language, which is a set of strings. The two views of automata are equivalent: the function that the automaton computes is precisely the indicator function of the set of strings it generates. The class of languages generated by finite automata is known as the class of regular languages.
The two tapes of a transducer are typically viewed as an input tape and an output tape. On this view, a transducer is said to transduce (i.e., translate) the contents of its input tape to its output tape, by accepting a string on its input tape and generating another string on its output tape. It may do so nondeterministically and it may produce more than one output for each input string. A transducer may also produce no output for a given input string, in which case it is said to reject the input. In general, a transducer computes a relation between two formal languages.
Each string-to-string finite-state transducer relates the input alphabet Σ to the output alphabet Γ. Relations R on Σ*×Γ* that can be implemented as finite-state transducers are called rational relations. Rational relations that are partial functions, i.e. that relate every input string from Σ* to at most one Γ*, are called rational functions.
Finite-state transducers are often used for phonological and morphological analysis in natural language processing research and applications. Pioneers in this field include Ronald Kaplan, Lauri Karttunen, Martin Kay and Kimmo Koskenniemi. A common way of using transducers is in a so-called "cascade", where transducers for various operations are combined into a single transducer by repeated application of the composition operator (defined below).
Formal construction
Formally, a finite transducer T is a 6-tuple (Q, Σ, Γ, I, F, δ) such that:
We can view (Q, δ) as a labeled directed graph, known as the transition graph of T: the set of vertices is Q, and
NOTE: This definition of finite transducer is also called letter transducer (Roche and Schabes 1997); alternative definitions are possible, but can all be converted into transducers following this one.
Define the extended transition relation
The extended transition relation is essentially the reflexive transitive closure of the transition graph that has been augmented to take edge labels into account. The elements of
The behavior of the transducer T is the rational relation [T] defined as follows:
Weighted automata
Finite State Transducers can be weighted, where each transition is labelled with a weight in addition to the input and output labels. A Weighted Finite State Transducer (WFST) over a set K of weights can be defined similarly to an unweighted one as an 8-tuple T=(Q, Σ, Γ, I, F, E, λ, ρ), where:
In order to make certain operations on WFSTs well-defined, it is convenient to require the set of weights to form a semiring. Two typical semirings used in practice are the log semiring and tropical semiring: unweighted automata may be regarded as having weights in the Boolean semiring.
Operations on finite-state transducers
The following operations defined on finite automata also apply to finite transducers:
Additional properties of finite-state transducers
Applications
Context-sensitive rewriting rules of the form a → b / c _ d, used in linguistics to model phonological rules and sound change, are computationally equivalent to finite-state transducers, provided that application is nonrecursive, i.e. the rule is not allowed to rewrite the same substring twice.
Weighted FSTs found applications in natural language processing, including machine translation, and in machine learning.