In class-based programming, downcasting or type refinement is the act of casting a reference of a base class to one of its derived classes.
Contents
In many programming languages, it is possible to check through type introspection to determine whether the type of the referenced object is indeed the one being cast to or a derived type of it, and thus issue an error if it is not the case.
In other words, when a variable of the base class (parent class) has a value of the derived class (child class), downcasting is possible.
Example
In Java:
Uses
Downcasting is useful when the type of the value referenced by the Parent variable is known and often is used when passing a value as a parameter. In the below example, the method objectToString takes an Object parameter which is assumed to be of type String.
In this approach, downcasting prevents the compiler from detecting a possible error and instead causes a run-time error. Downcasting myObject to String ('(String)myObject') was not possible at compile time because there are times that myObject is String type, so only at run time can we figure out whether the parameter passed in is logical. While we could also convert myObject to a compile-time String using the universal java.lang.Object.toString(), this would risk calling the default implementation of toString() where it was unhelpful or insecure, and exception handling could not prevent this.
In C++, run-time type checking is implemented through dynamic_cast. Compile-time downcasting is implemented by static_cast, but this operation performs no type check. If it is used improperly, it could produce undefined behavior.
Criticism
Many people advocate avoiding downcasting, since according to the LSP, an OOP design that requires it is flawed. Some languages, such as OCaml, disallow downcasting altogether.
A popular example of a badly considered design is containers of top types, like the Java containers before Java generics were introduced, which requires downcasting of the contained objects so that they can be used again.