In mathematics, there are several integrals known as the Dirichlet integral, after the German mathematician Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet.
Contents
- Double improper integral method
- Differentiation under the integral sign
- Complex integration
- Via the Dirichlet kernel
- References
One of those is the improper integral of the sinc function over the positive real line,
This integral is not absolutely convergent, and so the integral is not even defined in the sense of Lebesgue integration, but it is defined in the sense of the improper Riemann integral or the Henstock–Kurzweil integral. The value of the integral (in the Riemann or Henstock sense) can be derived in various ways. For example, the value can be determined from attempts to evaluate a double improper integral, or by using differentiation under the integral sign.
Double improper integral method
One of the well-known properties of Laplace transforms is
which allows one to evaluate the Dirichlet integral succinctly in the following manner:
where
Differentiation under the integral sign
First rewrite the integral as a function of the additional variable a. Let
so that we need evaluate f (0).
Differentiate with respect to a and apply the Leibniz integral rule to obtain
This integral was evaluated without proof, above, based on Laplace transform tables; we derive it this time. It is made much simpler by recalling Euler's formula,
so then
Integrating with respect to a,
where A is a constant to be determined. As f(+∞)=0,
for integers m and n.
It is easy to see that n has to be zero, by analyzing easily observed bounds for this integral,
The left and right bounds can be derived by dividing the integrated region [0, ∞] into periodic intervals, over which the integrals have zero value:
Left bound:
Right bound:
The second term can be written as
Clearly,
Thus
This completes the proof.
This result may be further extended with the introduction of another variable, b, first noting that the sinc function, sinx/x, is an even function, and therefore
so then
Complex integration
The same result can be obtained via complex integration. Consider
As a function of the complex variable z, it has a simple pole at the origin, which prevents the application of Jordan's lemma, whose other hypotheses are satisfied.
Define then a new function g(z) as follows,
The pole has been moved away from the real axis, so g(z) can be integrated along the semicircle of radius R centered at z=0 and closed on the real axis; then the limit ε→0 should be taken.
The complex integral is zero by the residue theorem, as there are no poles inside the integration path
The second term vanishes as R goes to infinity. As for the first integral, one can use one version of the Sokhotski–Plemelj theorem for integrals over the real line: for a complex-valued function f defined and continuous on the real line and real constants a and b with a < 0 < b one finds
where
By taking the imaginary part on both sides and noting that the function
the desired result is obtained as
Via the Dirichlet kernel
Let
be the Dirichlet kernel.
This is clearly symmetric around zero, that is,
for all x, and
since sin(πk) = 0 ∀k ∈ ℤ. Define
This is continuous on the interval [0, 1/2], so it is bounded by |f(x)| ≤ A , ∀ x, for some constant A ∈ ℝ≥0, and hence by the Riemann-Lebesgue Lemma,
as n → ∞. Therefore,
by the above.