Trisha Shetty (Editor)

Aspergillus oryzae

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Domain
  
Eukarya

Division
  
Ascomycota

Family
  
Trichocomaceae

Scientific name
  
Aspergillus oryzae

Rank
  
Species

Kingdom
  
Fungi

Order
  
Eurotiales

Genus
  
Aspergillus

Higher classification
  
Aspergillus

Aspergillus oryzae httpsuploadwikimediaorgwikipediacommonsthu

Similar
  
Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus, Rhizopus oryzae, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus nidulans

Aspergillus oryzae


Aspergillus oryzae, known in English as koji (Japanese: 麹, Hepburn: kōji), is a filamentous fungus (a mold) used in Chinese and other East Asian cuisines to ferment soybeans for making soy sauce and fermented bean paste, and also to saccharify rice, other grains, and potatoes in the making of alcoholic beverages such as huangjiu, sake, makgeolli, and shōchū. The domestication of A. oryzae occurred at least 2000 years ago. A. oryzae is also used for the production of rice vinegars.

Contents

Dr. Eiji Ichishima of Tohoku University called the kōji fungus a "national fungus" (kokkin) in the journal of the Brewing Society of Japan, because of its importance not only for making the koji for sake brewing, but also for making the koji for miso, soy sauce, and a range of other traditional Japanese foods. His proposal was approved at the society's annual meeting in 2006.

Aspergillus oryzae All Fungi Fungi of Great Britain and Ireland

"Red kōji-kin" is a separate species, Monascus purpureus.

Time lapse video of aspergillus oryzae koji growing on rice


History of koji

Aspergillus oryzae Aspergillus oryzae MicrobeWiki

300 BCE – A. oryzae is first mentioned in the Zhouli (Rites of the Zhou dynasty) in China. Its development is a milestone in Chinese food technology, for it provides the conceptual framework for three major fermented soy foods: soy sauce, jiang / miso, and douchi, not to mention grain-based wines (including Japanese sake) and li (the Chinese forerunner of Japanese amazake).

Properties desirable in sake brewing and testing

These properties of A. oryzae strains are important in rice saccharification for sake brewing:

Aspergillus oryzae diArk specieslist Aspergillusoryzae

  • Growth: rapid mycelial growth on and into the rice kernels
  • Enzymes: strong secretion of amylases (α-amylase and glucoamylase); some carboxypeptidase; low tyrosinase
  • Aesthetics: pleasant fragrance; accumulation of flavoring compounds
  • Color: low production of deferriferrichrome (a siderophore), flavins, and other colored substances

    • Varieties used for shōchū making

    Three varieties of kōji mold are used for making shōchū, each with distinct characteristics.

    Aspergillus oryzae Aspergillus Oryzae Health Benefits of this Probiotic Enzyme

  • White was discovered at the beginning of the Taishō period when natural mutation and separation of some black kōji to white was observed. This effect was researched and white kōji was successfully grown independently. White kōji is easy to cultivate and its enzymes promote rapid saccharization; as a result, it is used to produce most shōchū today. It gives rise to a drink with a refreshing, gentle, sweet taste.
  • Black is mainly used in Okinawa to produce awamori. It produces plenty of citric acid which helps to prevent the souring of the moromi. Of all three kōji, it most effectively extracts the taste and character of the base ingredients, giving its shōchū a rich aroma with a slightly sweet, mellow taste. Its spores disperse easily, covering production facilities and workers' clothes in a layer of black. Such issues led to it falling out of favour, but due to the development of new kuro-kōji (NK-kōji) in the mid-1980s, interest in black kōji resurged amongst honkaku shōchū makers because of the depth and quality of the taste it produced. Several popular brands now explicitly state they use black kōji on their labels.
  • Yellow is used to produce sake, and at one time all honkaku shōchū. However, yellow kōji is extremely sensitive to temperature; its moromi can easily sour during fermentation. This makes it difficult to use in warmer regions such as Kyūshū, and gradually black and white kōji became more common. Its strength is that it gives rise to a rich, fruity, refreshing taste, so despite the difficulties and great skill required, it is still used by some manufacturers. It is popular amongst young people and women who previously had no interest in typically strong potato shōchū, playing a role in its recent revival.

    • Genome

    Aspergillus oryzae DOGAN Aspergillus oryzae RIB40 NBRC 100959

    Initially kept secret, the A. oryzae genome was released by a consortium of Japanese biotechnology companies in late 2005. The eight chromosomes together comprise 37 million base pairs and 12 thousand predicted genes. The genome of A. oryzae is thus one-third larger than that of two related Aspergillus species, the genetics model organism A. nidulans and the potentially dangerous A. fumigatus. Many of the extra genes present in A. oryzae are predicted to be involved in secondary metabolism. The sequenced strain isolated in 1950 is called RIB40 or ATCC 42149; its morphology, growth, and enzyme production are typical of strains used for sake brewing.

    Use in biotechnology

    Resveratrol can be produced from its glucoside piceid through the process of fermentation by A. oryzae.

    In fiction

    Aspergillus oryzae The Misofication of Manhattan

    A. oryzae is a supporting character (of sorts) in the manga series Moyasimon: Tales of Agriculture and its anime adaptation.

    References

    Aspergillus oryzae Wikipedia
    (Text) CC BY-SA