There were several Arabian tribes that interacted with Muhammad.
The most prominent of such Arabian tribes were the Banu Quraish (Arabic for "Sons of Quraish") which were in turn divided into several sub-clans. The Qur'aish sub-clan of Banu Hashim was the clan of Muhammad, while their sister sub-clan, the Banu Abd-Shams became known as his most staunch enemies. After Muhammad, the Muslim nation was ruled exclusively through the Banu Quraish tribe, all the way until the Ottoman Turks came into power.
Other tribes include various ones that were centered on different cities, for example the Banu Thaqif and the Banu Utub.
Notable are the Jewish tribes that had settled in Medina, they would play a prominent part in Muhammad's life, this included the Banu Qurayza, Banu Nadir and the Banu Qainuqa, they participated in the Battle of Bu'ath, although they had a truce and an agreement with Muslims not to join the opposing armies, but they broke them.
The list includes:
Banu Quraish — prominent in the city of MeccaBanu Kinanah — the brothers of Quraish, and they are prominent in and mostly around MeccaBanu Bakr ibn Abd Manat — the city of Yalamlam and around Yathrib and they are a branch of Banu KinanahBanu Jadhimah — the city of Yalamlam and they are a branch of Banu KinanahBanu Hothail — The Brothers of Khuzaimah, and their neighbors in Mecca Banu Thaqif — the city of Ta'if, Urwah ibn Mas'udBanu Bariq — the city of BareqBanu Utub — the city of NajdBanu Ghatafan — east of Yathrib and KhaibarBanu Hilal -Hejaz and NajdBanu Tamim — Dominant force in Central ArabiaBanu Sa'adBanu Amr — Umar and his companions stayed with them during the hijrah from MeccaBanu Daws — south of Mecca Abu HurairahBanu Abs — Hudhayfah ibn al-YamanBanu JumahBanu KalbBani KhalidBanu Khuza'a — between Mecca and BadrBanu BakrBanu LakhmIn Yathrib (later Medina)
Banu KinanahBanu KhazrajJewish tribes:
Banu AlfageerBanu Alkahinan — they traced their descent from AaronBanu AwfBanu Aws fled Syria under Ghassanid rule, then fled Yathrib (presently known as Medina), and after expulsion by Muhammed, back to SyriaBanu Harith or Bnei Chorath were rulers of Najran.Banu JushamBanu Nadir — sub-clan of the al-Kāhinān, located in Yathrib(Medina)Banu NajjarBanu QaynuqaBanu Qainuqa — most powerful of all the Jewish tribes of the peninsula before Islam Banu Quda'a — Himyarite tribe of converts to Sadducee JudaismBanu Qurayza — sub-clan of the al-Kāhinān, located in Yathrib(Medina), "principal family" fled Syria under Ghassanid rule, then fled Medina, after expulsion by Prophet Muhammed, back to SyriaBanu Sa'idaBanu Shutayba
