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The Altiplano Basin (Spanish: Cuenca del Altiplano) is a sedimentary basin within the Andes in Bolivia and Peru. The basin is located on the Altiplano plateau between the Cordillera Occidental and the Cordillera Oriental. Over-all the basin has evolved through time in a context of horizontal shortening of Earth's crust. The great thickness of the sediments of accumulated in the basin is mostly the result of the erosion of Cordillera Oriental. The northern part of the basin is overridden by the Cordillera Occidental along the Pasani Fault, a thrust fault. To the east the northern part of the basin was overridden by the Cordillera Oriental along the Ayaviri Fault another thrust fault albeit the fault is now buried under more recent sediments. Further south near Oruro and Sica Sica the boundary of the basin with the Cordillera Oriental block is made up by the largely buried Coniri Fault. The fault contact is not reflected in surface topography since Cordillera Oriental rises more than 10 kilometers to the east of Coniri Fault.
The sedimentation rate in the basin has varied strongly over geological time. In the time from the middle Paleocene to the middle Eocene on average less than 10 meters of sediments accumulated in the basin each million year. In the Late Eocene and Oligocene, sediments accumulated in the basin at a rate of up to 500 meters per million year. Similarly in the Miocene and Oligocene (15 to 30 million years ago) the Ayaviri sub-basin in the north accumulated 110 to 660 meters of sediments per million year.
The basin contains three large successions of sediments. From bottom to top these are: