Year 1249 (MCCXLIX) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
King Louis IX of France captures Damietta in Egypt, the first major military engagement of the Seventh Crusade.
Pho Khun Si Indrathit becomes the first king of the Sukhothai kingdom, marking the founding of the modern Thai nation.
The Hikitsuke, a judicial organ of the Kamakura and Muromachi shogunates of Japan, is established.
The Japanese Hōji era ends, and the Kenchō era begins.
February 16 – Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by King Louis IX of France as an ambassador to meet with the Khan of the Mongols.
May 26 – The Battle of Fossalta is fought between the Holy Roman Empire and the Lombard League. The Italians capture the German commander.
June 13 – coronation of Alexander III as King of Scots.
August 15 – The First Battle of Athenry is fought in Galway, Ireland.
The city of Stralsund (in present-day Germany) is burned to the ground by forces from the rival city of Lübeck.
Swedish statesman Birger Jarl subjugates the province of Tavastia in Finland, securing Swedish power in Finland.
Alphonse of Toulouse orders the expulsion of Jews from Poitou, France.
The Hungarian capital is moved from Esztergom to Buda.
Mediterranean
The Moors lose possession of Alicante in Al-Andalus (Islamic Spain).
King Afonso III of Portugal recaptures Faro and Silves in the Algarve from the Moors, thus ending the Portuguese Reconquista.
The city of Mystras, Greece is fortified and a palace is constructed there by William II Villehardouin.
Spring – University College, the first College at Oxford, is founded with money from the estate of William of Durham.
Jean Mouflet makes an agreement with the abbot of Saint-Pierre-le-Vif in the Senonais region in France: in return for an annual payment, the monastery will recognize Jean as a "citizen of Sens". He is a leather merchant, has a leather shop that he leases for the rent of 50 shillings a year. The agreement is witnessed by Jean's wife, Douce, daughter of a wealthy and prominent citizen of Sens, Felis Charpentier.
Roger Bacon publishes a major scientific work, including writings of convex lens spectacles for treating long-sightedness and the first publication of the formula for gunpowder in the western world.
July 9 – Emperor Kameyama of Japan (d. 1305)
Eric V of Denmark (d. 1286)
Robert III of Flanders
Frederick I, Margrave of Baden (d. 1268)
Humphrey de Bohun, 3rd Earl of Hereford (d. 1297)
Pope John XXII (d. 1334)
Menachem Meiri, rabbi
Amadeus V of Savoy (d. 1323)
July 6 – King Alexander II of Scotland (b. 1198)
July 19 – Jacopo Tiepolo, Doge of Venice
September 27 – Raymond VII, Count of Toulouse (b. 1197)
November 22 – As-Salih Ayyub, ruler of Egypt
date unknown
Abu Zakariya, ruler of the Maghreb (b. 1203)
Wuzhun Shifan, Chinese Zen Buddhist monk (b. 1178)
Song Ci, Chinese physician and judge (b. 1186)
1249 Wikipedia (Text) CC BY-SA