Zumaia

Toponym

According to the toponym of Zumaia, the theory that the name comes from "zuma" or "zume", a Basque word used to designate to the wicker, plant that apparently was plentiful in the zone, is highly defended. And with regards to Villagrana, there is a theory that states the possibility to be related with "grana", meaning "seeding", that were produced by the abundant groves of evergreen oaks in that period.

Creation of the town

Despite of the disagreements in certain aspects with regards to the origins of Zumaia, all historians agree with the fact that the villa emerged surrounding the Monastery of Santa Maria. According to the first preserved parchment in which it is mentioned the place "Zumaya", the Monastery of Santa Maria had been a donation by a privilege of Sancho VI of Navarre to the Roncesvalles´s convent in 1292.

In spite of the different conclusions about the emplacement of the monastery, the monks of the Monastery of Santa Maria the direct witnesses of the birth of this villa, after the inhabitants dispersed by the valley of Sehatz decided to put an end to the continuous assaults of piracy and plunder and raise a villa walled and strengthened from where they could defend in group against the enemy. Due to its extent, its strategic location and its direct contact with the sea, the chosen place was Zumaia. Nevertheless, the villa was not constituted juridically until 1347, when Alfonso XI of Castile provided the municipal charter to its citizensof "Villagrana de Zumaya's Villa", to which was granted the Jurisdiction of San Sebastián.

In the 16th century, Zumaia was relied on 136 houses, 70 of them distributed among six streets that existed inside the wall, and the remaining ones dispersed by three neighborhoods that were staying out of the wall. In total there were 108 the neighborhood surnames, 53 of them with the qualification of nobility. Nowadays there is no evidence of the fortification that only was interrupted at a height of solar houses and towers that could play the same function of defending as the wall. The entrance halls included the Principal Entrance Hall of the villa and the great cross at that presided them, were destroyed in the middle of the 18th century in order to clear the surrounding of the town. The only natural door was the one of the bar of the sea, which was apparently the most dangerous for being the most accessible.

From the 16th century, the metal of the bells of the parish have been fused countless times. In 1578 the mayor ordered to slap three times consecutive in order that citizens being well-informed and coming more assiduous to the meetings of the regiment, which was retired long time ago. Moreover, on eve of the General Meetings - that were celebrated in the villa every 18 years, to offer fuelwood and coal to the secretary of the province, two oaks were cut. In one of these sessions, precisely on December 27, 1620 the same day in which Ignatius of Loyola, Patron Saint of Gipuzkoa was chosen, a decision was adopted of naming Patrona of the villa a la Inmaculate Concepcion of the Virgin Mary.

Economic changes and development

With the pass of centuries, has brought logically many changes not only in the former ordinances municipal written in 1584, but also in the urban development as well as in the customs and way of living of citizens. However, the best keys to notice the development of the villa from its foundation to the present day, is the economic predominant activity of every epoch. The majority of the first inhabitants of the villa were devoted to agriculture, though grouping in the same place accelerated the appearance of some professional and industrial activities. By the end of the 14th century, ships were constructed in the river. A high percentage of the population was devoted to fishing and navigation. The river was then very rich and highly varied species could be fished, among them salmons, trouts, shellfish and eels. Many were reconciling the coastal fishing with agriculture. By then, the manufacturing of cement had also become a relevant activity, for which they were taking advantage of the matters of tertiary areas of the surroundings. From the port they were departing goods towards the Netherlands as well as manufactured products were imported. Some historians even claim that the passenger liner that was joining the villa with the hermitage of Santiago - habitual accommodation of the pilgrims who were going towards Santiago de Compostela, were also among the most prominent sources of Zumaia's revenue in the 16th century.

The following centuries, 17th century and the 18th century, were not brilliant periods at all. The land continued being the principal economic activity of the neighbors, in spite of the fact that Zumaia continued having many deficits in agriculture, especially in the production of wheat, corn and beans; until that in 1766 all the houses were recognized to verify if any neighbor possessed more grain than the necessary for their maintenance. There were also citizens dedicated to both maritime and terrestrial transport of goods, mainly iron, and the fishing activity was maintained and even increased, since in 1610 was created the Cofradía de Mareantes de San Telmo, meaning the Confraternity of the Seagoing of San Telmo.

It was in this period when there was emphasized the emigration begun at the end of the 16th century (in 1616 Zumaia embraced 935 inhabitants) and it did not stop until two centuries later with the economic reappearance.

The situation began to improve very quickly in the 17th century , among other reasons because the desiccation of the marshes enabled the cultivation of the former reed-beds and, consequently, the increase of the agricultural production, especially if corn. But there were some other factors that lead this reappearance, since in the 19th century the factories of cement turned into the engine of the economy of the villa, promoting the commercial activity of the port. The terrestrial transport also improved in this period of time, since between the year 1882 and 1885 a road that joined Zumaia with Getaria was created, which was already communicated with San Sebastián, in 1900 appeared a train that would join Zumaia with Zarautz, and in 1926 the railroad of the Urola was inaugurated, which nowadays is already removed. The improvement of the communications, nevertheless, harmed to the port of Bedua, whose commercial activity started to expire due to the fact that the bridge of Urola river was blocking the way to the ships upstream.

The industry of the cement began to decline at the beginning of the 20th century, at the same time as the naval industry started to arise again strongly, and soon later also the industry of the engine. An interesting fact that took place in Zumaia is that the first diesel engine of the whole Spanish State was set here, precisely in the enterprise Yeregui Hermanos. This industrial rise brought about logically a considerable increase of the population, mainly due to the immigration.

The percentages of the different activities that were stimulating the economy of Zumaia had considerably changed by the beginning of the 20th century. In 1950, the 56,1% of the population worked in the industrial sector, while only the 17% dedicated to agriculture. Some years later, the economic crisis also came to Zumaia, sharpened by moments with readjustment of personnel and even with the closing of some big workshops that had been emblematic until then. Today, fifty years later, several more modest companies have been created, which are also more chords with the new economic trends of the market.

Zumaia and the octopus

The Octopus and Zumaia have been together since the early days of the creation of the town. There has been a special relation between this animal and the town in which other towns, in Getaria, Zarautz or Deba (which they are 5, 10 and 16 km from Zumaia), has never occurred. The tradition of catching octopi on the coastline of Zumaia has been very typical and the octopus has become the essence of the culture and tradition of the town.

Fishing the octopus

There are 3 main places in Zumaia where people catch octopi: The rocks of Itzurun beach, Inpernupe and the coastline between Zumaia and Deba. The ideal moment is when the tide is not high. There have to be visible rocks to catch them, since the octopi are hidden in the holes which the rocks usually have. So, the more rocks are visible, the more chances are to catch them. The hunt of the octopi requires a fish hook to grab the octopus. But, there are different techniques of catching octopi, and they change according to the place:

1-Looking the rests of crabs and other small sea animals in the entrance of the holes (so, there is a signal that the octopus is inside that hole) and catching them with a hook.

2-Using a stick covered with bait to attract octopi and, when the octopi is visible, which they do not leave the hole if there is no bait, grab them with the hook, which is indispensable in all the cases.

Fishing octopi has been a tradition in Zumaia. But, not all the people can catch them easily. There are some families where the tradition of fishing octopi is very strong. Some individuals had caught 100 octopi in a day. But, they were other times, when there was much more octopi than nowadays. The pollution, the fishing vessels and the non-limit octopi fishing years have been very prejudicial to the coastline. Because of this, the government has regulated the amount of octopi that one individual can catch (one octopus and heavier than 750 g).

Every year when there are big tides a lot of people usually go the coastline to fish the octopi, and as some of them are very experienced, they fish more than 20 octopi on a day. Nowadays, it is illegal to fish more than one per day, but some people (specially the old people who have been fishing all their lives) still fish a lot of them. The octopus cannot be eaten after it is fished. It has to be treated, but there are different ways to treat it. And, the way it is cooked depends on who it is treated after fishing it.

The octopus is a strong animal, and if it is eaten immediately after it is fished it is very hard to eat as it is not tender enough to eat. So, it has to tenderized in the freezer for one week or more. But, Zumaia and the octopus have been related by many years, and the freezer is a relatively new item. So, how it was preserved or treated after it was fished?

If the octopus is fresh, and it is tenderized after a lot of hits, it is cooked with tomatoes, a la gallega or with peppers and onion. But, those cooking recipes are very common in other places like Asturias or Galicia, where there are traditions of fishing and cooking octopi. It was and still is common to cook in those ways. But, there is a recipe, which it needs dry octopus, that it is exclusively from Zumaia. In other towns near Zumaia there is not this tradition.

Drying the octopus

Drying octopi is not very common in the places where there is a tradition to fish octopi, but in Zumaia has been very typical to dry the octopi. The process of drying is the next:

1- After the octopus is dead, the octopus has to be cleaned and only the meat of the octopus is preserved.

2- The octopus Is put in a plastic bucket and it is kept there for 3–5 days.

3- The octopus has to be put up in a stick, and leave it for other 7–8 days.

4- When the octopus is dry, without any water inside it, it is finished the process.

When the octopus is dry, the size of the octopus is reduced 5 times. So, if the octopus is 1 kg, after the drying, the octopus will be 200 g. The drying process is unique and exotic, but the dry octopus smells very strongly. Some people, mostly foreginers, cannot smell it. But for the people of Zumaia, this process of drying is part of the tradition of older generations, and people is still proud of it, so people keep drying it.