COSPAR ID 1968-101A Mission duration 5.7 days Period 1.5 hours Launch date 14 September 1968 | Operator OKB-1 SATCAT no. 03535 Inclination 51.83° Launch mass 5,375 kg | |
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Mission type Lunar flybySpacecraft test Similar | ||
Grand explorations zond 5 orbiter space flight simulator
Zond 5, a member of the Soviet Zond program, was an unmanned but biologically occupied spacecraft that in September 1968 became the second ship to travel to and circle the moon, and the first to return safely to Earth. Zond 5 carried the first Earthlings to reach and circle the moon, including two tortoises, mealworms, wine flies, plants, and other lifeforms.
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Zond 5, a version of the Soyuz 7K-L1 manned Moon-flyby spacecraft, was launched by a Proton-K carrier rocket with a Blok D upper stage to conduct scientific studies during its lunar flyby.
The moon flight
After Zond 4's partial success in March 1968, a follow-up was launched on April 22. The launch failed however when the LES sent an erroneous abort command at T+260 seconds and shut down the Proton booster's second stage. The escape rocket fired and pulled the descent module to safety. In July, another 7K-L1 was being prepared for launch when the Blok D stage exploded on the pad, killing three people, but leaving the Proton booster and spacecraft with only minor damage.
Zond 5 launched on September 14 and became the first spacecraft to circle the Moon and return to land on Earth. On September 18, the spacecraft flew around the Moon. The closest distance was 1,950 km. High-quality photographs of the Earth were taken at a distance of 90,000 km. A biological payload of two Russian tortoises, wine flies, mealworms, plants, seeds, bacteria, and other living matter was included in the flight.
On September 22, the reentry capsule entered the Earth's atmosphere but could not perform a skip reentry due to a failure of the guidance system. Landing was supposed to occur in Kazakhstan, but instead Zond 5 splashed down in the Indian Ocean and was successfully recovered by the USSR recovery vessels Borovichy and Vasiliy Golovin.
Although the ballistic reentry would have been bad for human occupants, it did not appear to affect the biological specimens, all of which were alive and well when the descent module was finally opened four days after landing. It was announced that the tortoises had lost about 10 percent of their body weight but remained active and showed no loss of appetite. This spacecraft was planned as a precursor to a manned lunar spacecraft.
The USS McMorris was shadowing the Soviet recovery ships, collecting intelligence information. Photographs taken by the McMorris of the descent module bobbing in the ocean aroused concern at NASA that the Soviets were planning a manned circumlunar flight soon, especially since the United States had been tracking Zond 5 for its entire flight, and was a catalyst for the decision to launch Apollo 8 to the Moon in December instead of its originally planned mission of testing the lunar module in high Earth orbit.
The Zond 5 return capsule is on display at the RKK Energiya museum, in Russia.