In historiography and literature, a war of succession may also be referred to as a succession dispute, dynastic struggle, internecine conflict, fratricidal war, or any combination of these terms. Not all of these are necessarily describing armed conflict, however, and the dispute may be resolved without escalating into open warfare. Wars of succession are also often referred to as a civil war, when in fact it was a conflict within the royalty, or broader aristocracy, that civilians were dragged into, and may therefore be a misnomer, or at least a misleading characterisation.
A war of succession is a type of intrastate war concerning struggle for the throne: a conflict about supreme power in a monarchy. It may become an interstate war if foreign powers intervene. A succession war may arise after (or sometimes even before) a universally recognised ruler over a certain territory passes away (sometimes without leaving behind any (legal) offspring), or is declared insane or otherwise incapable to govern, and is deposed. Next, several pretenders step forward, who are either related to the previous ruler and therefore claim to have a right to their possessions based on the hereditary principle, or have concluded a treaty to that effect. They will seek allies within the nobility and/or abroad to support their claims to the throne. After all options for a diplomatic solution –such as a sharing of power, or a financial deal– or a quick elimination –e.g. by assassination or arrest– have been exhausted, a military confrontation will follow. Quite often such succession disputes can lead to long-lasting wars.
Some wars of succession are about women's right to inherit. This does not exist in some countries (a "sword fief", where the Salic law applies, for example), but it does in others (a "spindle fief"). Often a ruler who has no sons, but does have one or more daughters, will try to change the succession laws so that a daughter can succeed him. Such amendments will then be declared invalid by opponents, invoking the local tradition.
In some cases, wars of succession could also be centred around the reign in prince-bishoprics. Although these were formally elective monarchies without hereditary succession, the election of the prince-bishop could be strongly intertwined with the dynastic interests of the noble families involved, each of whom would put forward their own candidates. In case of disagreement over the election result, waging war was a possible way of settling the conflict.
It can sometimes be difficult to determine whether a war was purely or primarily a war of succession, or that other interests were at play as well that shaped the conflict in an equally or more important manner, such ideologies (religions, secularism, nationalism, liberalism, conservatism), economy, territory and so on. Many wars are not called 'war of succession' because hereditary succession was not the most important element, or despite the fact that it was. Similarly, wars can also be unjustly branded a 'war of succession' whilst the succession was actually not the most important issue hanging in the balance.
The origins of succession wars lie in feudal or absolutist systems of government, in which the decisions on war and peace could be made by a single sovereign without the population's consent. The politics of the respective rulers was mainly driven by dynastic interests. German historian Johannes Kunisch (1937–2015) ascertained: "The all-driving power was the dynasties' law of the prestige of power, the expansion of power, and the desire to maintain themselves." Moreover, the legal and political coherence of the various provinces of a 'state territory' often consisted merely in nothing more than having a common ruler. Early government systems were therefore based on dynasties, the extinction of which immediately brought on a state crisis. The composition of the governmental institutions of the various provinces and territories also eased their partitioning in case of a conflict, just like the status of claims on individual parts of the country by foreign monarchs.
To wage a war, a justification is needed (Jus ad bellum). These arguments may be put forward in a declaration of war, to indicate that one is justly taking up arms. As the Dutch lawyer Hugo Grotius (1583–1645) noted, these must make clear that one is unable to pursue their rightful claims in any other way. The claims to legal titles from the dynasic sphere were a strong reason for war, because international relations primarily consisted of inheritance and marriage policies until the end of the Ancien Régime. These were often so intertwined that it had to lead to conflict. Treaties that led to hereditary linkages, pawning and transfers, made various relations more complicated, and could be utilised for claims as well. That claims were made at all is due to the permanent struggle for competition and prestige between the respective ruling houses. On top of that came the urge of contemporary princes to achieve "glory" for themselves.
After numerous familial conflicts, the principle of primogeniture originated in Western Europe the 11th century, spreading to the rest of Europe (with the exception of Russia) in the 12th and 13th century; it has never evolved outside Europe. However, it has not prevented the outbreak of wars of succession. A true deluge of succession wars occurred in Europe between the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) and the Coalition Wars (1792–1815). According to German historian Heinz Duchhardt (1943) the outbreak of wars of succession in the early modern period was stimulated on the one hand by the uncertainty about the degree to which regulations and agreements on hereditary succession were to be considered a respectable part of emerging international law. On the other hand, there was also a lack of effective means to provide them recognition and validation.
According to British statesman Henry Brougham (Lord Chancellor 1830–34), there were more and longer wars of succession in Europe between 1066 and the French Revolution (1789–99) than all other wars put together. "A war of succession is the most lasting of wars. The hereditary principle keeps it in perpetual life – [whereas] a war of election is always short, and never revives," he opined, arguing for elective monarchy to solve the problem.
In the Mughal Empire, there was no tradition of primogeniture. Instead it was customary for sons to overthrow their father, and for brothers to war to the death among themselves.
Note: Wars of succession in transcontinental states are mentioned under the continents where their capital city was located. Names of wars that have been given names by historians are capitalised; the others, whose existence has been proven but not given a specific name, are provisionally written in lowercase letters (except for the first word, geographical and personal names).
Ancient Egyptian wars of successionDuring the Second Dynasty, the Fourth (2649 BCE) and the Fifth (2513 and 2345 BCE)During the Seventh and Eighth Dynasties (2184–2164 BCE)Between Seti II and Amenmesse (1204–1198 BCE) after the death of pharaoh MerneptahWars of the Diadochi or Wars of Alexander's Successors (323–277 BCE), after the death of king Alexander the Great of MacedonPtolemaic civil war (132–124 BCE), between Cleopatra II and Ptolemy VIII Physcon over the rightful succession of Ptolemy VI PhilometorNumidian war of succession (118–112 BCE), after the death of king Micipsa of Numidia; this spilled over into the Roman–Numidian Jugurthine War (112–106 BCE)Almohad war of succession (1224–12??), after the death of caliph Yusuf al-Mustansir of the Almohad CaliphateMoroccan war of succession (1574–1578), after the death of sultan Abdallah al-Ghalib of the Saadi dynastyMoroccan War of Succession (17th century)Revolutions of Tunis or the Muradid War of Succession (1675–1705), after the death of bey Murad II of TunisZulu war of succession (1839–1840), between the brothers Dingane and Mpande after the Battle of Blood RiverEthiopian coup d'état of 1928 and Gugsa Wale's rebellion (1930), about the (future) succession of empress Zewditu of the Ethiopian Empire by Haile SelassieRebellion of the Three Guards (c. 1042–1039 BCE), after the death of king King Wu of Zhou(legendary) War of David against Ish-bosheth (c. 1007–1005 BCE), after the death of king Saul of the united Kingdom of Israel. It is uncertain whether this event actually occurred as narrated in the Hebrew Bible. It allegedly began as a war of secession, namely of Judah (David) from Israel (Ish-bosheth), but eventually the conflict was about the succession of Saul in both Israel and JudahJin wars of succession (8th century–376 BCE), a series of wars over control of the Chinese feudal state of Jin (part of the increasingly powerless Zhou Dynasty)Jin–Quwo wars (739–678 BCE), dynastic struggles between two branches of Jin's ruling houseLi Ji unrest (657–651 BCE), about the future succession of Duke Xian of JinWar of the Zhou succession (635 BCE), where Jin assisted King Xiang of Zhou against his brother, Prince Dai, who claimed the Zhou thronePartition of Jin (c. 481–403 BCE), a series of wars between rival noble families of Jin, who eventually sought to divide the state's territory amongst themselves at the expense of Jin's ruling house. The state was definitively carved up between the successor states of Zhao, Wei and Han in 376 BCE.War of the Qi succession (643–642 BCE), after the death of Duke Huan of QiWarring States period (c. 403–221 BCE), a series of dynastic interstate and intrastate wars during the Eastern Zhou dynasty of China over succession and territoryWar of the Wei succession (370–367 BCE), after the death of Marquess Wu of WeiQin's wars of unification (230–221 BCE), to enforce Qin's claim to succeeding the Zhou dynasty (which during the Western Zhou period ruled all the Chinese states), that Qin had ended in 256 BCEWars of the Diadochi or Wars of Alexander's Successors (323–277 BCE), after the death of king Alexander the Great of MacedonChu–Han Contention (206–202 BCE), after the surrender and death of emperor Ziying of the Qin dynasty; the rival rebel leaders Liu Bang and Xiang Yu sought to set up their own new dynastiesSeleucid Dynastic Wars (157–63 BCE), a series of wars of succession that were fought between competing branches of the Seleucid Royal household for control of the Seleucid EmpireRed Eyebrows and Lulin Rebellions (17–23 CE), revolts against Xin dynasty emperor Wang Mang to restore the Han dynasty; both rebel armies had their own candidates, howeverHan civil war (23–36), Liu Xiu's campaigns against pretenders and regional warlords who opposed the rule of the Gengshi Emperor of Han (23–25) and his own rule (since 25)Second Red Eyebrows Rebellion (23–27), after the death of Wang Mang, against the Gengshi Emperor of Han, the Lulin rebel candidate to succeed Wang MangWar of the Armenian Succession (54–66), caused by the death of Roman emperor Claudius, after which the rival pretender Tiridates was installed by king Vologases I of Parthia, unacceptable to new emperor NeroThe Parthian Civil WarsTrajan's Parthian campaign (115–117), the intervention of the Roman emperor Trajan into the Parthian war of succession between Osroes I and Parthamaspates of Parthia in favour of the latterThree Kingdoms Period (184–280), after the death of emperor Ling of HanWar of the Eight Princes (291–306), after the death of emperor Sima Yan of the Chinese Jin dynasty(uncertain) A war of succession in the Gupta Empire after the death of emperor Kumaragupta I (c. 455), out of which Skandagupta emerged victoriousWar of the Uncles and Nephews (465–c.495) after the death of emperor Qianfei of the Liu Song dynastyPrince Hoshikawa Rebellion (479–480), after the death of emperor Yuryaku of JapanWei civil war (530–550), after the assassination of would-be usurper Erzhu Rong by emperor Xiaozhuang of Northern Wei, splitting the state into Western Wei (Yuwen clan) and Eastern Wei (Gao clan)The historical Fitnas in Islam:First Fitna (656–661): after the death of caliph Uthman between the Umayyads and Ali's followers (Shiites)Second Fitna (680–692; in strict sense 683–685): a series of conflicts between Umayyads, Zubayrids and Alids (Shiites)Third Fitna (744–750/752): a series of civil wars within and rebellions against the Umayyad Caliphate, ending with the Abbasid RevolutionFourth Fitna (809–827): a succession war within the Abbasid CaliphateWar of the Goguryeo succession (666–668), after the death of military dictator Yeon Gaesomun of Goguryeo, see Goguryeo–Tang War (645–668)Jinshin War (672), after the death of emperor Tenji of JapanLater Three Kingdoms of Korea (892–936), began when two rebel leaders, claiming to be heirs of the former kings of Baekje and Goguryeo, revolted against the reign of queen Jinseong of SillaAnarchy of the 12 Warlords (966–968), after the death of king Ngô Quyền of VietnamAfghan Wars of Succession (997–1041?), after the death of emir Sabuktigin of GhazniSeljuk War of Succession (1092–1105), after the death of sultan Malik Shah I of the Seljuk EmpireHōgen Rebellion (1156), Heiji Rebellion (1160) and Genpei War (1180–1185), after the death of emperor Konoe of Japan, between clans over control of the imperial familyWar of the Antiochene Succession (1201–1219), after the death of prince Bohemund III of AntiochAyyubid war of succession (1238–1249), after the death of sultan Al-Kamil of the Ayyubid dynastyToluid Civil War (1260–1264), after the death of great khan Möngke Khan of the Mongol EmpireChagatai wars of succession (1307–1331), after the death of khan Duwa of the Chagatai KhanateWar of the Two Capitals (1328–1332), after the death of emperor Yesün Temür of the Yuan dynastyNanboku-chō period or Japanese War of Succession (1336–1392), after the ousting and death of emperor Go-Daigo of JapanForty Years' War (1368–1408) after the death of king Thado Minbya of Ava; the war raged within and between the Burmese kingdoms of Ava and Pegu as the successors of the Pagan KingdomJingnan Rebellion (1399–1402), after the death of the Hongwu Emperor of the Ming dynastyChi Lu Buli Rebellion (ja) (1453), after the death of king Shō Kinpuku of the Ryukyu KingdomSengoku period (c. 1467–1601) in JapanŌnin War (1467–1477), concerning the future succession of shogun Ashikaga Yoshimasa of JapanNorthern Yuan war of succession (1517–15??), after the death of khagan Dayan Khan of the Northern Yuan dynastyMughal war of succession (1540–1552), between the brothers Humayun and Kamran Mirza about the succession of their already 10 years earlier deceased father, emperor Babur of the Mughal EmpireSafavid war of succession (1576–1578), after the death of shah Tahmasp I of PersiaMughal war of succession (1601–1605), in advance of the death of emperor Akbar of the Mughal EmpireMughal war of succession (1627–1628), after the death of emperor Nuruddin Salim Jahangir of the Mughal EmpireMughal war of succession (1657–1661), after grave illness of emperor Shah Jahan of the Mughal EmpireThe Javanese Wars of Succession, between local pretenders and candidates of the Dutch East India CompanyFirst Javanese War of Succession (1677–1707)Second Javanese War of Succession (1719–1722)Third Javanese War of Succession (nl) (1749–1755)Mughal war of succession (1707–1708), after the death of emperor Aurangzeb of the Mughal EmpireMughal war of succession (1712–1720), after the death of emperor Bahadur Shah I of the Mughal EmpireMarava War of Succession (1720–1729), after the death of raja Raghunatha Kilavan of RamnadPersian or Iranian Wars of Succession (1725–1796)Safavid war of succession (1725–1729), after a Hotak invasion and the imprisonment of shah Sultan Husayn of Safavid PersiaAfsharid war of succession (1747–1757), after the death of shah Nadir Shah of Afsharid PersiaZand war of succession (1779–1796), after the death of Karim Khan of Zand PersiaCarnatic Wars (1744–1763), territorial and succession wars between several local, nominally independent princes in the Carnatic, in which the British East India Company and French East India Company mingledFirst Carnatic War (1744–1748), part of the War of the Austrian Succession between amongst others France on the one hand and Britain on the otherSecond Carnatic War (1749–1754), about the succession of both the nizam of Hyderabad and the nawab of ArcotThird Carnatic War (nl) (1756–1763), after the death of nawab Alivardi Khan of Bengal; part of the global Seven Years' War between amongst others France on the one hand and Britain on the otherMaratha war of succession (1749–1752), after the death of maharaja Shahu I of the Maratha EmpireAnglo-Maratha Wars (1775–1819): wars of succession between peshwas, in which the British intervened, and conquered the Maratha EmpireFirst Anglo-Maratha War (1775–1782), after the death of peshwa Madhavrao I; pretender Raghunath Rao invoked British help, but lostSecond Anglo-Maratha War (1803–1805), pretender Baji Rao II, son van Raghunath Rao, triumphed with British help and became peshwa, but had to surrender much power and territory to the BritishThird Anglo-Maratha War, also Pindari War (1816–1819), peshwa Baji Rao II revolted against the British in vain; the Maratha Empire was annexedAfghan Wars of Succession (1793–1834?), after the death of emir Timur Shah Durrani of AfghanistanFirst Anglo-Afghan War (1839–1842), British–Indian invasion of Afghanistan under the pretext of restoring the deposed emir Shah Shujah DurraniPahang Civil War (1857–1863), after the death of raja Tun Ali of PahangLater Afghan War of Succession (1865–1870), after the death of emir Dost Mohammed Khan of AfghanistanThe Dutch East Indies Army's 1859–1860 Bone Expeditions dealt with two wars of succession in the neighbouring Sulawesi kingdoms of Bone and WajoIn the war of the Bone succession (1858–1860), the Dutch supported pretender Ahmad Sinkkaru' Rukka against queen Besse Arung Kajuara after the death of her husband, king Aru PugiIn the War of the Wajo Succession (1858–1861), the Dutch supported pretender Pata Hassim after the death of raja TullaWars of the Diadochi or Wars of Alexander's Successors (323–277 BCE), after the death of king Alexander the Great of MacedonYear of the Four Emperors (68–69 CE), a rebellion in the Roman Empire that became a war of succession after the suicide of emperor NeroYear of the Five Emperors (193), the beginning of a war of succession that lasted until 197, after the assassination of the Roman emperor CommodusCrisis of the Third Century (235–284), especially the Year of the Six Emperors (238), a series of wars between barracks emperors after the assassination of Severus AlexanderCivil wars of the Tetrarchy (306–324), after the death of Augustus (senior Roman emperor) Constantius I ChlorusWar of Magnentius (350–353), after the assassination of Roman co-emperor Constans IWar of the Hunnic succession (453–454), after the death of Attila, ruler of the HunsTwenty Years' Anarchy (695–717), after the deposition of emperor Justinian II of the Byzantine EmpireFrankish Civil War (715–718) (nl), after the death of mayor of the palace Pepin of HerstalCarolingian Wars of Succession (830–842), a series of armed conflicts in the late Frankish Carolingian Empire about the (future) succession of emperor Louis the PiousWar of the Northumbrian succession (865–867), between king Osberht and king Ælla of Northumbria; their infighting was interrupted when the Great Heathen Army invaded, against which they vainly joined forcesSvatopluk II rebellion (895–899?), after the death of duke Svatopluk I of Great MoraviaWar of the Leonese succession (951–956), after the death of king Ramiro II of LéonWar of the Leonese succession (982–984), continuation of the last Leonese war of successionWar of the Burgundian Succession (1002–1016), after the death of duke Henry I the Great of BurgundyFitna of al-Andalus (1009–1031), after the deposition of caliph Hisham II of CórdobaNorwegian War of Succession (1025/6–1035), after the departure of king Cnut the Great of Denmark to England; it only became a war of succession when king Olaf II of Norway was deposed in 1028 and died in battle in 1030Danish war of succession (1042–1043), after the death of king Harthacnut (Canute III) of DenmarkWar of the Three Sanchos (1065–1067), after the death of king Ferdinand the GreatBattle of Stamford Bridge (1066), after the death of king Edward the Confessor of EnglandNorman invasion of England (1066–1075), after the death of king Edward the Confessor of EnglandThe Anarchy (1135–1154), after the death of king Henry I of EnglandBaussenque Wars (1144–1162), after the death of count Berenguer Ramon I of ProvenceFourth Crusade (1202–1204), was redirected to Constantinople to intervene in a Byzantine succession dispute after the deposition of emperor Isaac II AngelosLoon War (1203–1206), after the death of count Dirk VII of HollandWar of the Moha succession (1212–1213), after the death of count Albert II of DagsburgFirst Barons' War (1215–1217). The war began as a Barons' revolt over king John Lackland's violation of the Magna Carta, but quickly turned into a dynastic war for the throne of England when French crownprince Louis became their champion, and John Lackland unexpectedly passed awayWar of the Succession of Champagne (1216–1222), indirectly after the death of count Theobald III of ChampagneWar of the Succession of Breda (1226/8–1231/2), after the death of lord Henry III of Schoten of BredaWar of the Flemish Succession (1244–1254), after the death of countess Joan of Constantinople of Flanders and HainautWar of the Thuringian Succession (1247–1264), after the death of landgrave Henry Raspe IV of ThuringiaGreat Interregnum (1245/50–1275), after the deposition and death of emperor Frederick II of the Holy Roman EmpireWar of the Euboeote Succession (1256–1258), after the death of triarch Carintana dalle Carceri of NegroponteWar of the Limburg Succession (1283–1288), after the death of duke Waleran IV and his daughter and heiress Irmgard of LimburgScottish Wars of Independence (1296–1357), after the Scottish nobility requested king Edward I of England to mediate in the 1286–92 Scottish succession crisis, known as the "Great Cause". Edward would claim that his role in appointing the new king of Scots, John Balliol, meant that he was now Scotland's overlord, and started to interfere in Scottish domestic affairs, causing dissent.First War of Scottish Independence (1296–1328), after Scottish opposition to Edward's interference reached the point of rebellion, Edward marched against Scotland, defeating and imprisoning John Balliol, stripping him off the kingship, and effectively annexing Scotland. However, William Wallace and Andrew Moray rose up against Edward and assumed the title of "guardians of Scotland" on behalf of John Balliol, passing this title on to Robert the Bruce (one of the claimants during the Great Cause) and John III Comyn in 1298. The former killed the latter in 1306, and was crowned king of Scots shortly after, in opposition to both Edward and the still imprisoned John Balliol.Second War of Scottish Independence, or Anglo-Scottish War of Succession (1332–1357), after the death of king of Scots Robert the BruceByzantine civil war of 1321–28, after the deaths of Manuel Palaiologos and his father, co-emperor Michael IX Palaiologos, and the exclusion of Andronikos III Palaiologos from the line of successionWars of the Rügen Succession (1326–1328; 1340–1354), after the death of prince Vitslav III of RügenWars of the Loon Succession (1336–1366), after the death of count Louis IV of LoonHundred Years' War (1337–1453), indirectly after the death of king Charles IV of FranceGalicia–Volhynia Wars (1340–1392), after the death of king Bolesław-Jerzy II of Galicia and VolhyniaWar of the Breton Succession (1341–1364), after the death of duke John III of BrittanyByzantine civil war of 1341–47, after the death of emperor Andronikos III PalaiologosHook and Cod wars (1349–1490), after the death of count William IV of HollandGuelderian Fraternal Feud (nl) (1350–1361), after the death of duke Reginald II of GueldersCastilian Civil War (1351–1369), after the death of king Alfonso XI of CastileWar of the Two Peters (1356–1375), spillover of the Castilian Civil War and Hundred Years' WarWar of the Brabantine Succession (1355–1357), after the death of duke John III of BrabantWar of the Lüneburg Succession (1370–1389), after the death of duke William II of Brunswick-LüneburgThe three Guelderian wars of succession:First War of the Guelderian Succession (1371–1379), after the death of duke Reginald III of GueldersSecond War of the Guelderian Succession (1423–1448), after the death of duke Reginald IV Guelders and JülichThird War of the Guelderian Succession (1538–1543), see Guelders Wars (1502–1543)War of the Succession of the Patriarchate of Aquileia (1381–1388), after the death of patriarch Marquard of Randeck1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum, Portuguese succession crisis and war after the death of king Ferdinand I of PortugalOttoman Interregnum (1401/2–1413), after the imprisonment and death of sultan Bayezid IEverstein Feud (1404–1409), after the childless count Herman VII of Everstein signed a treaty of inheritance with Simon III, Lord of Lippe, which was challenged by the Dukes of Brunswick-LüneburgLithuanian Civil War (1432–38), after the death of grand duke Vytautas the Great of LithuaniaOld Zürich War (1440–1446), after the death of count Frederick VII of ToggenburgSaxon Fratricidal War (1446–1451), after the death of landgrave Frederick IV of ThuringiaNavarrese Civil War (1451–1455), after the death of Blanche I of Navarre and the usurpation of the throne by John II of AragonThe Utrecht Civil Wars, related to the Hook and Cod wars.First Utrecht Civil War, after the death of bishop Rudolf van Diepholt of UtrechtSecond Utrecht Civil War (1481–1483), spillover of the Hook and Cod warsWars of the Roses (1455–1487), after the weakness of (and eventually the assassination of) king Henry VI of EnglandWar of the Neapolitan Succession (1458–1462), after the death of king Alfonso V of AragonWar of the Succession of Stettin (1464–1529), after the death of duke Otto III of PomeraniaWar of the Castilian Succession (1475–1479), after the death of king Henry IV of CastileWar of the Burgundian Succession (1477–1482), after the death of duke Charles the Bold of BurgundyGuelderian War of Independence (1477–1482, 1494–1499), after the death of duke Charles the Bold of BurgundyOttoman war of succession (1481–1482), between prince Cem and prince Bayezid after the death of sultan Mehmet IIJonker Fransen War (1488–1490), last ignition of the Hook and Cod warsWar of the Succession of Landshut (1503–1505), after the death of duke George of Bavaria-LandshutOttoman Civil War (1509–13), between prince Selim and prince Ahmed about the succession of sultan Bayezid II (†1512)Danish Wars of Succession (1523–1537), a series of conflicts about the Danish throne within the House of OldenburgDanish War of Succession (1523–1524), because of dissatisfaction about the kingship of Christian II of DenmarkCount's Feud (1534–1536), after the death of king Frederick I of DenmarkOttoman war of succession of 1559, between prince Selim and prince Bayezid about the succession of sultan Süleyman IWar of the Portuguese Succession (1580–1583), after the death of king-cardinal Henry of PortugalStruggles for the kingship of France in the late French Wars of Religion (1585–1598), as the House of Valois was set to die outWar of the Three Henrys (1585–1589), after the death of duke Francis of Anjou, the French heir-presumptive, and Protestant king Henry of Navarre's exclusion from the order of succession. Spain intervened in favour of the Catholic League, led by duke Henry of Guise. King Henry III of France was caught between the two.Henry IV of France's succession (1589–1594). King Henry of Navarre became king Henry IV of France after the death of both duke Henry of Guise and king Henry III of France. Spain continued to intervene, claiming the French throne for infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia instead. To appease Catholics, Henry IV converted to Catholicism in 1593, under the condition that Protestants be tolerated; his kingship was increasingly recognised in France.Franco-Spanish War (1595–1598). King Henry IV of France, uniting French Protestants and Catholics, declared war on Spain directly to counter Spanish infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia's claim to the French throne.War of the Polish Succession (1587–88), after the death of king and grand duke Stephen Báthory of Poland–LithuaniaStrasbourg Bishops' War (1592–1604), after the death of prince-bishop John IV of ManderscheidTime of Troubles (1598–1613), after the death of tsar Feodor I of RussiaPolish–Muscovite War (1605–18) or the Dimitriads, during which three False Dmitrys, imposters claiming to be Feodor's rightful successor, were advanced by the Polish-Lithuanian CommonwealthWar of Deposition against Sigismund (1598–1599), after the death of king John III of SwedenPolish–Swedish War (1600–29), originated from the War of Deposition against SigismundWar of the Jülich Succession (1609–1614), after the death of duke John William of Jülich-Cleves-BergDüsseldorf Cow War (1651), indirectly after the death of duke John William of Jülich-Cleves-BergWar of the Montferrat Succession (1613–1617), after the death of duke Francesco IV GonzagaWar of the Mantuan Succession (1627–1631), after the death of duke Vincenzo II GonzagaPiedmontese Civil War (1639–1642), after the death of duke Victor Amadeus I of SavoyWar of Devolution (1667–1668), after the death of king Philip IV of SpainMonmouth Rebellion (1685), after the death of king Charles II of EnglandEnglish or Palatinate War of Succession, or Nine Years' War (1688–1697), after the Glorious Revolution, and with the death of elector Charles II of the Palatinate as the indirect causeThe Jacobite risings (1688–1746) that tried to undo the Glorious Revolution (partially caused by the birth of James Francis Edward Stuart), also called the War of the British SuccessionWilliamite War in Ireland (1688–1691), war in Ireland between William III of Orange and James II Stuart (part of the English War of Succession)Scottish Jacobite rising (1689–92), war in Scotland between William III of Orange and James II Stuart (part of the English War of Succession)Jacobite rising of 1715 (1715–1716), after the death of heiress-presumptive Sophia of Hanover and queen Anne of Great-BritainJacobite rising of 1745 (1745–1746), opportunistic attempt to regain the throne by the last serious Jacobite pretenderWar of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714), after the death of king Charles II of SpainWar of the Quadruple Alliance (1718–1720), after the death of 'sun king' Louis XIV of FranceWar of the Polish Succession (1733–1738), after the death of king Augustus II the Strong of PolandWar of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748), after the death of archduke Charles VI of AustriaWar of the Bavarian Succession (1778–1779), after the death of elector Maximilian III Joseph of BavariaRussian interregnum of 1825 (1825–1826), after the death of tsar Alexander I of Russia, who had secretly changed the order of succession from his brother Constantine in favour of his younger brother Nicholas, neither of whom wanted to rule. Two related but different rebel movements arose to offer their solution to the succession crisis: the aristocratic Petersburg-based group favoured a constitutional monarchy under Constantine, the democratic Kiev-based group of Pavel Pestel called for the establishment of a republic.Decembrist revolt (December 1825), by the aristocratic Decembrists in Saint PetersburgChernigov Regiment revolt (January 1826), by the republican Decembrists in UkraineLiberal Wars, also Miguelist War or Portuguese Civil War (1828–1834), after the death of king John VI of PortugalThe Carlist Wars, especially the First. Later Carlist Wars were more ideological in nature (against modernism)First Carlist War (1833–1839), after the death of king Ferdinand VII of SpainSecond Carlist War (1846–1849), a small-scale uprising in protest against the marriage of Isabella II with someone else than the Carlist pretender Carlos Luis de BorbónThird Carlist War (1872–1876), after the coronation of king Amadeo I of SpainSpanish Civil War (1936–1939), in which both Carlist and Bourbonist monarchists vied to restore the monarchy (abolished in 1931) in favour of their own dynastySecond Schleswig War (1864), partially caused by the death of king Frederick VII of DenmarkFranco-Prussian War (1870–1871), directly caused by the Spanish succession crisis following the Glorious Revolution of 1868Tepanec war of succession (1426–1428), after the death of king Tezozomoc of Azcapotzalco; this led to the formation of the anti-Tepanec Triple Alliance, better known as the Aztec EmpireWar of the Two Brothers, or Inca Civil War (1529–1532), after the death of emperor Huayna Capac of the Inca EmpireThe Succession Wars, a wargame set in the BattleTech universeThe Successions, civil wars over the monarchy of Andor in The Wheel of TimeThe books in George R.R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series and its TV adaptation, Game of Thrones feature the War of the Five Kings, based around five individuals' competing claims to the throne after the death of King Robert Baratheon. Another is the Targaryen war of succession, better known as the Dance of the Dragons.In J.R.R. Tolkien's fantasy world of Middle-earth, several wars of succession take place, such as:The Wars with Angmar (T.A. 861–1975), after King Eärendur of Arnor died in T.A. 861 and the kingdom was split between his three quarreling sons, founding the rival realms of Arthedain, Cardolan and Rhudaur. When the lines of Eärendur died out in Cardolan and Rhudaur, King Argeleb I of Arthedain intended to reunite Arnor in T.A. 1349 and was recognised by Cardolan, but then the Witch-king of Angmar intervened, annexed Rhudaur, ravaged Cardolan and besieged Arthedain's capital city of Fornost. In T.A. 1973–1975, Arthedain was finally destroyed; even though allied Men from Gondor and Elves from Lindon subsequently succeeded in defeating Angmar in the Battle of Fornost and driving out the Witch-king, the Kingdom of Arnor would never be restored until the dawn of the Fourth Age.Kohn, George Childs (2013). Dictionary of Wars. Revised Edition. Londen/New York: Routledge. ISBN 9781135954949. Mikaberidze, Alexander (ed.) (2011). Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781598843361. Retrieved 16 December 2016. Jaques, Tony (2007). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F-O. Santa Barbara: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780313335389. Retrieved 18 December 2016. 
