Location Northwest Qatar Founded c. 5500 BC Periods Neolithic period Excavation date 2010 | Type Settlement Abandoned c. 2500 BC Cultures Ubaid Period Neolithic | |
Wadi Debayan is the oldest Neolithic archaeological site in Qatar. It was occupied over a stretch of 3000 years before being abandoned in the Bronze Age. Remnants of marine life, plant material and structural components were among the artifacts excavated. Fragments of pottery originating from the early Ubaid period (the period of Mesopotamia which transpired from ca. 6500 to 3800 BC) were also recovered.
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History
Settlement commenced around 5500 BC. Although the site is approximately 4 km inland, ancient marine sediments demonstrate that it was situated along the coast during its periods of habitation. Furthermore, soil testing attests to the previously rich soil, high propensity of vegetation and frequent rainfall. Due to the large amount of fish bones discovered in the area, it has been proposed that its inhabitants exported dried fish. Human habitation appears to have abruptly stopped around the third century BC, possibly as a result of a large tsunami.
Discovery and surveys
The site was discovered in 2009 and underwent a magnetic survey in 2010. The survey revealed the site's geologic features and accentuated possible areas of burning. One such area, identified as a hearth, yielded potsherds, lithic debitage and animal remnants. Beads from the hearth were carbon dated to the mid-to-late 14th century. Shortly after, the site was subdivided into sectors to prepare it for excavations.
Excavations
Wadi Debayan was excavated by the Qatar National Historic Environment Record Project in 2010. Over 1500 artifacts were discovered, including 5 obsidian artifacts and 180 Ubaid potsherds. There were approximately nine different types of flint material recovered, all of which were highly weathered. Some of the raw material originated from Al Khor, a city located 40 km from the site. Flakes and scrapers formed the bulk of artifacts. Tools consistent with the Arabian bifacial tradition were discovered in the forms of knives and arrowheads and are dated from 6000 to 3500 BC.
The site yielded the highest proportion of Ubaid pottery and obsidian yet discovered in Qatar. This suggests trade links existed between the inhabitants of Wadi Debayan and Mesopotamia. The assemblages of tools at the site indicate a pattern of recurrent occupation rather than a continuous period of occupation.
A burial site dating to c. 3000 BC was discovered to contain four human skeletons.