Native to Umbria ISO 639-3 xum | Region central Italy | |
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Era attested 7th–1st century BC Language family Indo-European
Italic
Osco-Umbrian
Umbrian Writing system Umbrian and Old Italic alphabet | ||
Umbrian is an extinct Italic language formerly spoken by the Umbri in the ancient Italian region of Umbria. Within the Italic languages it is closely related to the Oscan group and is therefore associated with it in the group of Osco-Umbrian languages. Since that classification was first formulated a number of other languages in ancient Italy were discovered to be more closely related to Umbrian. Therefore, a group was devised to contain them, the Umbrian languages.
Contents
Corpus
Umbrian is known from about 30 inscriptions dated from the 7th through 1st centuries BC. The largest cache by far is the Iguvine Tablets, nine inscribed bronze tablets found in 1444 in an underground chamber at Gubbio (ancient Iguvium). Two have since disappeared. The remaining seven contain notes on the ceremonies and statutes for priests of the ancient pagan religion in the region. Sometimes they are called the Eugubian tablets after the medieval name of Iguvium/Eugubium. The tablets contain 4000-5000 words.
Other minor inscriptions are from Todi, Assisi and Spoleto.
Alphabet
The Iguvine tablets were written in two alphabets. The older, the Umbrian alphabet, like other Old Italic alphabets, was derived from the Etruscan alphabet, and was written right-to-left. The newer was written in the Latin script. The texts are sometimes called Old Umbrian and New Umbrian. The differences are mainly orthographic.
Sample text
Taken from the Iguvine Tablets, tablet VIa, lines 27-31:
(27)...dei.crabouie.persei.tuer.perscler.uaseto.est.pesetomest.peretomest (28) frosetomest.daetomest.tuer.perscler.uirseto.auirseto.uas.est.di.grabouie.persei.mersei.esu.bue (29) peracrei.pihaclu.pihafei.di.grabouie.pihatu.ocre.fisei.pihatu.tota.iouina.di.grabouie.pihatu.ocrer (30) fisier.totar.iouinar.nome.nerf.arsmo.ueiro pequo.castruo.fri.pihatu.futu.fos.pacer.pase.tua.ocre fisi (31) tote.iiouine.erer.nomne.erar.nomne.di.grabouie.saluo.seritu.ocre.fisi.salua.seritu.tota.iiouina.
"(27)...Jupiter Grabovius, if in your sacrifice (anything) has been done wrongly, mistaken, transgressed, (28) deceived, left out, (if) in your ritual there is a seen or unseen flaw, Jupiter Grabovius, if it be right for this (29) yearling ox as purificatory offering to be purified, Jupiter Grabovius, purify the Fisian Mount, purify the Iguvine state. Jupiter Grabovius, purify the name of the Fisian Mount (and) of the Iguvine state, purify the magistrates (and) formulations, men (and) cattle, heads (of grain) (and) fruits, Be favorable (and) propitious in your peace to the Fisian Mount, (31) to the Iguvine state, to the name of that, to the name of this. Jupiter Grabovius, keep safe the Fisian Mount, keep safe the Iguvine state."