Uma (known natively as Pipikoro) is a language spoken in Central and South Sulawesi, Indonesia.
Notes:
/h/ acts as a nasal in some respects and causes the nasalization of non-front vowels (e.g., [hampulu'] 'ten'→/haᵐpuluʔ/ with nasal vowels)./l/ is retroflexed to /ɭ/ contiguous to non-front vowels./ʔ/ is neutralized word-initially, and is the only consonant that can occur in the coda or word-finally.In the Lincio variety of Central Uma, /ⁿtʃ/ is pronounced /ns/.The semivowel [j] is rare, found mainly in loan words.The affricate /tʃ/ is found only following /n/, i.e., in the prenasalized stop /ⁿtʃ/.Orthographic notes:
/β/ is 'w'/ɲ/ is 'ny'/ŋ/ is 'ng'/j/ is 'y'/dʒ/ is 'j'/tʃ/ is 'c'/ʔ/ is an apostrophe or simply 'ʔ'Notes:
ABS refers to pronominals in the absolutive case, while ERG refers to the ergative and GEN to the genitive.1P means 'first person,' 2P means 'second person,' and 3P means 'third person.'(SG) means 'singular' and (PL) means 'plural.' (PL.ex) means 'plural exclusive' and (PL.in) means 'plural inclusive.'[∅-] means that ∅ is a proclitic.[-∅] means that ∅ is an enclitic.In the Tobaku, Tolee', and Winatu dialects, the possessives [-nu] and [-ni] are [-mu] and [-mi] respectively.In the Tolee' and Winatu dialects, the possessives [-kai] and [-koi] are [-kami] and [-komi] respectively. The free forms [kaiʔ] and [koiʔ] are [kamiʔ] and [komiʔ] respectively.The cardinal numbers from 1 to 10 are:
- isaʔ
- dua
- tolu
- opoʔ
- lima
- ono
- pitu
- walu
- sio
- hampuluʔ
Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013) recognizes seven dialects of Uma.
BanaBenggaulu (= Bingkolu)Kantewu (= Central Uma)Aria (= Southern Uma)Tobaku (= Ompa, Dompa, Western Uma)Tolee' (= Eastern Uma)Winatu (= Northern Uma)Martens (2014) recognized six major dialects of Uma, noting that the Tori'untu dialect is nearly extinct due to the encroachment of the Kantewu dialect and non-Uma languages.
Kantewu (= Central)SouthernTolee'TobakuWinatuTori'untuMartens also identifies two dialects closely related to Uma spoken in the North Mamuju Regency.
SaruduBenggaulu (= Bingkolu)