The Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) is one of the new ‘third generation’ 3G mobile cellular communication systems. UMTS builds on the success of the ‘second generation’ GSM system. One of the factors in the success of GSM has been its security features. New services introduced in UMTS require new security features to protect them. In addition, certain real and perceived shortcomings of GSM security need to be addressed in UMTS.
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Entity authentication
UMTS provides mutual authentication between the UMTS subscriber, represented by a smart card application known as the USIM (Universal Subscriber Identity Module), and the network in the following sense 'Subscriber authentication': the serving network corroborates the identity of the subscriber and 'Network authentication': the subscriber corroborates that he is connected to a serving network that is authorised, by the subscribers home network, to provide him with services.
Signalling data integrity and origin authentication
User traffic confidentiality
Network domain security
The term ‘network domain security’ in the 3G covers security of the communication between network elements. In particular, the mobile station is not affected by network domain security. The two communicating network elements may both be in the same network administrated by a mobile operator or they may belong to two different networks.
MAPSEC
The basic idea of MAPSEC can be described as follows. The plaintext MAP message is encrypted and the result is put into a ‘container’ in another MAP message. At the same time a cryptographic checksum, i.e. a message authentication code covering the original message, is included in the new MAP message. To be able to use encryption and message authentication codes, keys are needed. MAPSEC has borrowed the notion of a security association (SA) from IPsec.
IP multimedia system security
The IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) is a core network subsystem within UMTS. It is based on the use of the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)26 to initiate, terminate and modify multimedia sessions such as voice calls, video conferences, streaming and chat. SIP is specified by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)27. IMS also uses the IETF Session Description Protocol (SDP)28 to specify the session parameters and to negotiate the codecs to be used. SIP runs on top of different IP transport protocols such as the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) and the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP).
A 3G IMS subscriber has one IP multimedia private identity (IMPI) and at least one IP multimedia public identity (IMPU). To participate in multimedia sessions, an IMS subscriber must register at least one IMPU with the IMS. The private identity is used only for authentication purposes.