Native to Botswana, Zimbabwe | Official language in Zimbabwe (as 'Koisan') | |
Native speakers 4,100 Tshwa and Shua (2008) Language family Khoe
Kalahari (Tshu–Khwe)
East
Tsoa Dialects Hiechware
Cua
Cire Cire ISO 639-3 Either:
hio – Tsoa
tyu – Kua | ||
Tsoa or Tshwa, also known as Kua and Hiechware, is an East Kalahari Khoe dialect cluster spoken by several thousand people in Botswana and Zimbabwe.
Contents
One of the dialects is Tjwao (formerly Tshwao), the only Khoisan language in Zimbabwe, where "Koisan" is a language officially recognized in the constitution.
Dialects
Tsoa–Kua is a dialect cluster, which is still poorly studied but seems to include:
Phonology
The Cire-cire dialect has the following consonant inventory:
The clicks have a very uneven distribution: Only a dozen words begin with one of the palatal clicks (ǂ), and these are replaced by dental clicks (ǀ) among younger speakers. Only half a dozen words start with one of the alveolar clicks (ǃ), and half a dozen more with one of the affricated clicks. These rather marginal sounds are placed in parentheses in the chart.
Tsoa has the five vowels /a e i o u/. It is not clear if Tsoa has long vowels, or simply sequences of identical vowels /aa ee ii oo uu/.
There are two tones, high and low, plus a few cases of mid tone.
In the northern dialect of Kua, like all other East Kalahari Khoe languages, the palatal click series has become palatal stops. Southern Kua has retained the palatal clicks, but the dental stops have palatalized, as they have in Gǀui and ǂ’Amkoe. Thus northern Kua has /ɟua/ 'ash' and /d̪u/ 'eland', whereas southern Kua has ᶢǂua 'ash' and /d̪ʲu/ (or perhaps /ɟu/) 'eland'.