Below is a chronological list of political or geological events, which would alter the appearance of a world map. Changes usually include (but are not limited to) the alteration of borders, the creation and fall of states, changes of geographical names, as well as some unusually destructive natural disasters. Through the knowledge of such dates and events, the approximate year and age of a world map could be calculated and estimated.
Not all maps of the world of an age or period will be the same throughout the globe; as different mapmakers (or their employers) may have different views on the sovereignty and/or territorial integrity of the countries of the world and/or possess different levels of technological and/or geographical insight, the maps created by them might differ significantly.
January 29 — The new president of Republic of the Gambia, Adama Barrow, officially changes the country's name from the "Islamic Republic of the Gambia" back to the "Republic of the Gambia"
November 28 — The Netherlands and Belgium agree to one-for-two swap of three tiny islands in the Meuse river, with Netherlands gaining 24.7 acres (10.0 ha) of land near Oost-Maarland, so that pene-exclaves caused by straightening of the Meuse can be fixed. Presqu'ile de L'llal and Presqu'ile d'Eijsden, which were formerly Belgian, will be swapped in 2018 for a former Dutch piece of land, Presqu'ile Petit-Gravier.
July 5 - The United Nations recognizes the shortened name of Czechia for the Czech Republic.
April 9 — The governments of Egypt and Saudi Arabia formally agree on their maritime boundary, ceding control of the uninhabited Sanafir and Tiran islands to Saudi Arabia. This decision was later nullified by an Egyptian court on June 21. The annulment was itself suspended by another Egyptian court on September 29.
December 16 — The International Court of Justice ceded 3 km2 to Costa Rica, resolving the Costa Rica–Nicaragua San Juan River border dispute with Nicaragua.
December 11 — The Republic of the Gambia is declared an Islamic state and renamed the "Islamic Republic of the Gambia" by presidential decree.
November 12 - Pakistan formally agrees to lease its Gwadar Port to control of China.
June 6 — An agreement between the governments of India and Bangladesh resolved the issue of several hundred India–Bangladesh enclaves, thus simplifying their border by exchanging 162 enclaves.
March 21 — After the 2014–15 Yemeni coup d'état, the capital of Yemen is provisionally moved from Sana'a to Aden.
March 18 — The Crimean peninsula is annexed by Russia as two separate entities, the Federal City of Sevastopol and the Republic of Crimea becoming the 84th and 85th federal subjects of Russia. This is not recognised by most countries and often not reflected on maps.
March 17 — The Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol declare their independence from Ukraine as the Republic of Crimea, a move declared illegal by Ukraine and a majority of the international community, although with recognition from Russia.
January 27 — The maritime dispute between Chile and Peru is resolved.
October 24 — The Republic of Cape Verde is renamed the Republic of Cabo Verde.
September 28 — The United Federated States of Bangsamoro Republik loses all territory with the loss of Zamboanga City, having never been recognized by any other country.
August 12 — The United Federated States of Bangsamoro Republik declares independence from the Philippines and claims all of Malaysian Borneo.
April 16 — A border dispute between Niger and Burkina Faso is finally resolved, resulting in minor changes to the previously recognized border.
January 7 — The Libyan National Congress changes the name of the country from Libya to the State of Libya, to be used until a new constitution is adopted.
November 29 — The United Nations votes to upgrade Palestine's status from "entity" to "non-member observer state," effectively granting it recognition
November 19 — Judgment of the ICJ about the maritime dispute between Nicaragua and Colombia.
July 12 — The State of Azawad is taken over by Ansar Dine, an Islamist group aiming for establishing Mali as an Islamist state, rendering it taken back over by Mali
April 6 — The State of Azawad declares independence from Mali following the Tuareg rebels takeover in northern Mali, and remains unrecognized
January 1 — With its new Constitution coming into effect, Republic of Hungary is renamed Hungary
December 31 — Samoa and Tokelau switch to the western side of the International Date Line, skipping December 30 entirely
October 23 — The Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya is officially taken over by the National Transitional Council, as Libya
Battle of Tripoli, part of the Libyan Civil War:
September 1 — Due to the loss of Tripoli on August 27, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya moves its capital from Tripoli to Sirte
August 27 — The National Transitional Council takes over Tripoli, moving its capital from Benghazi to Tripoli
July 9 — The Republic of South Sudan is declared independent, separating from the Republic of Sudan and becoming a sovereign state
February 27 — After the Libyan Civil War started on February 15, the National Transitional Council was formed to act as "the political face of the revolution", based in Benghazi.
February 2 — The Republic of the Fiji Islands is renamed the Republic of Fiji
January 11 — The People's Republic of China has received 1,158 square kilometres (447 sq mi) from Tajikistan after a final ratification of a treaty ceding it
October 21 — The Union of Myanmar (Burma) changes its name to the Republic of the Union of Myanmar (Burma)
October 10 — The Netherlands Antilles is dissolved, with Curaçao and Sint Maarten becoming constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, while Bonaire, Saba and Sint Eustatius become special municipalities of the Netherlands
November 4 — The Gulf of Piran border dispute between Slovenia and Croatia is to be settled by arbitration in return for Slovenia lifting its veto on Croatia's accession to the EU
September 1 — Saint Helena and Dependencies is renamed Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
March 16–21 — A series of undersea volcanic eruptions create a new landmass in the sea near the island of Hunga Tonga.
February 7 — The Republic of Bolivia is renamed Plurinational State of Bolivia
August 25 — Abkhazia and South Ossetia are recognized by Russia as independent and not under the sovereignty of Georgia (For further details see International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia)
August 14 — Bakassi Peninsula is transferred from Nigeria to Cameroon, following an International Court of Justice ruling
May 28 — The State of Nepal is renamed the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal
February 17 — The Republic of Kosovo declares independence from Serbia with only partial recognition
October 22 — The Republic of Montenegro is renamed Montenegro
January 15 — The Kingdom of Nepal is renamed State of Nepal
October 7 — The capital of Palau is moved from Koror to Ngerulmud
June 8 — Serbia and Montenegro is dissolved into two separate states: The Republic of Serbia and Republic of Montenegro
November 6 — The capital of Myanmar is moved from Yangon to Naypyidaw
August — Israel unilaterally withdraws from the Gaza Strip
June 26 — The Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan is renamed the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
May 26 — The Rwandese Republic is renamed the Republic of Rwanda
February 4 — The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia is reconstituted into the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro
June 13 — The Islamic State of Afghanistan is renamed the Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan
May 20 — East Timor becomes independent from Indonesia
March 10 — The State of Anjouan and the Democratic Republic of Mohéli are taken over by the Comoros
February 14 — The State of Bahrain is renamed the Kingdom of Bahrain
December 23 — The Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros is renamed the Union of the Comoros
December 7 — The Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan is taken over by the Islamic State of Afghanistan
November 13 — Kabul is captured by the Islamic State of Afghanistan from the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. The Islamic State's capital is moved there from Fayzabad; the Islamic Emirate's capital is moved to Kandahar.
July 1 — The Puntland State of Somalia renounces independence and rejoins Somalia as an autonomous region
September 6 — The capital of the Islamic State of Afghanistan is moved from Taloqan to Fayzabad
July 16 — Somalia is renamed the Somali Republic
February 6 — The Chechen Republic of Ichkeria is taken over by Russia
February 1 — The Republic of Kosova becomes a mandate of Serbia, named United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo
December 31 — Transfer of the Panama Canal Zone from the United States to Panama
December 20
The Republic of Venezuela is renamed the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, after the Constitution of Venezuela is put in place
Transfer of Macau from Portugal to the People's Republic of China
December 24 — The Republic of Bougainville is taken over by Papua New Guinea
August 1 — The Puntland State of Somalia declares independence from Somalia
July 27 — The Sovereign Democratic Republic of Fiji is renamed the Republic of the Fiji Islands
May 6 — In Kazakhstan, the capital Aqmola is renamed Astana
December 10 — The capital of Kazakhstan is moved from Almaty to Aqmola
August 11 — The Democratic Republic of Mohéli declares independence from the Comoros
August 3 — The State of Anjouan declares independence from the Comoros
July — Western Samoa is renamed Samoa
July 1 — Transfer of Hong Kong from the United Kingdom to the People's Republic of China
May 25 — The capital of the Islamic State of Afghanistan is moved to Taloqan
May 17 — Zaire is renamed the Democratic Republic of the Congo
September 26 — The Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan is formed, and declares its capital Kabul, captured from the Islamic State of Afghanistan, whose capital moved to Mazar-i-Sharif
In Chechnya, the capital of Grozny is renamed Dzokhar-Ghala
December 14 — The Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina is renamed Bosnia and Herzegovina, as the Republika Srpska is taken over by Bosniac forces
August 24 — The Republic of Georgia is renamed Georgia
August 22 — Ethiopia is renamed the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
August 7 — The Republic of Western Bosnia is taken over by Bosnia and Herzegovina
July 26 — The Republic of Western Bosnia declares independence from Bosnia and Herzegovina
January 1 — International Date Line moved around Kiribati
December 23 — Gagauzia is integrated back into Moldova, as the Autonomous Territorial Unit of Gagauzia
October 1 — Independence of Palau from United States
April 27 — The nominally independent republics of Transkei, Bophuthatswana, Venda and Ciskei are incorporated back into South Africa
March 1 — Walvis Bay and Penguin Islands are transferred from the Republic of South Africa to Republic of Namibia
September 24 — The United Nations ends their administration in Cambodia, its name being the Kingdom of Cambodia
May 24 — Independence of Eritrea from Ethiopia
May 5 — The Republic of Kyrgyzstan is renamed the Kyrgyz Republic
January 1 — Dissolution of Czechoslovakia into the Czech Republic and Slovakia
In Kazakhstan, the capital of Alma-Ata is renamed Almaty
September 22 — The Republic of Kosova declares independence from Yugoslavia
August 25 — The People's Republic of Angola is renamed the Republic of Angola
August 12 — The Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina is renamed the Republika Srpska
May 29 — South Ossetia declares independence from Georgia
April 27 — Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia is constituted into the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
April 6 — International recognition of the independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina
March 15 — The State of Cambodia is taken over by the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) in order to put the government-in-exile National Government of Cambodia back in power
March 12 — The Chechen Republic is renamed the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria
March 1 - Bosnia and Herzegovina declare independence from Yugoslavia
January 15 — Independence of Croatia and Slovenia widely recognized
January 6 — The Nagorno-Karabakh Republic declares independence from Azerbaijan
December 26 — Dissolution of the Soviet Union, which causes independence of Ukraine from the Soviet Union
December 25 — Independences of Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and all other republics from the Soviet Union finalized
December 16 — Kazakhstan declares independence from the Soviet Union
December 12 — Independence of Russia from the Soviet Union (ratification of Belavezha Accords)
December 8 — Independence of Uzbekistan from the Soviet Union and Turkmenistan from the Soviet Union finalized
November 1 — The Chechen Republic declares independence from the Soviet Union
October 27 — Turkmenistan declares independence from the Soviet Union
October 18 — Independence of Azerbaijan from the Soviet Union finalized
September 23 — Armenia declares independence from the Soviet Union
September 9 — Tajikistan declares independence from the Soviet Union
September 8 — The Republic of Macedonia declares independence from Yugoslavia
September 6 — The Soviet Union recognizes the independence of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. Date of their uncontested independence.
September 1 — Uzbekistan declares independence from the Soviet Union
August 31 — Kyrgyzstan declares independence from the Soviet Union
August 30 — Azerbaijan declares independence from the Soviet Union
August 27 — Moldova declares independence from the Soviet Union
August 25 — Transnistria declares independence from the Soviet Union
August 24 — Ukraine declares independence from the Soviet Union
August 21 — Latvia re-declares full independence from the Soviet Union.
August 20 — Estonia re-declares full independence from the Soviet Union.
August 19 — Gagauzia declares independence from the Soviet Union
June 25 — Croatia and Slovenia declare independence from Yugoslavia
June 20 — The capital of Germany is moved from Bonn to Berlin
June 10 — The People's Republic of the Congo is renamed the Republic of the Congo
May 28 — The People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia is renamed Ethiopia
May 18 — The northwestern Somaliland region of Somalia declares independence; this self-declared independence remains unrecognized by any country or international organization
April 29 — The Socialist People's Republic of Albania is renamed the Republic of Albania
April 9 — Georgia declares independence from the Soviet Union
February 27 — One day before the end of the Gulf War, Kuwait is liberated from Iraq
November 15 — The People's Republic of Bulgaria is renamed the Republic of Bulgaria
October 3 — Merging of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) into the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany), causing the creation of a unified Germany under the official name of West Germany
August 25 — The Republic of Abkhazia declares independence from the Soviet Union
August 8 — Within 6 days into the Gulf War, Kuwait is annexed by Iraq
July 27 — Belarus declares independence from the Soviet Union
July 25 — The Republic of Fiji is renamed the Sovereign Democratic Republic of Fiji
May 22 — Unification of Yemen
May 17 — The Republic of Bougainville declares independence from Papua New Guinea.
May 8 — The Estonian SSR is renamed the Republic of Estonia.
May 4 — The Latvian SSR is renamed the Republic of Latvia and it declares Soviet rule illegal and declares the restoration period for the independence of Latvia from the Soviet Union.
April 20 — The Czechoslovak Federative Republic is renamed the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic
March 30 — The Estonian SSR declares Soviet rule illegal and declares the restoration period for the independence of Estonia from the Soviet Union.
March 29 — The Czechoslovak Socialist Republic is renamed the Czechoslovak Federative Republic
March 21 — Independence of Namibia (formerly South-West Africa) from South Africa
March 11 — Lithuanian SSR re-declares full independence of the Republic of Lithuania from the Soviet Union
March 1 — The People's Republic of Benin is renamed the Republic of Benin
February 3 — The government-in-exile Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea becomes the National Government of Cambodia
December 29 — The People's Republic of Poland is renamed the Republic of Poland
December 22 — The Socialist Republic of Romania is renamed Romania
October 23 — The People's Republic of Hungary is renamed the Republic of Hungary
September 30 — Dissolution of the Senegambia Confederation
June 18 — The Union of Burma is renamed the Union of Myanmar, and changes the capital name of Rangoon to Yangon
May 1 — The People's Republic of Kampuchea is renamed the State of Cambodia
In Micronesia, the capital moves from Kolonia to Palikir
November 16 — Estonia declares sovereignty over Soviet laws.
November 15 — The State of Palestine declares independence. The capital is administratively Ramallah in West Bank and Gaza City in the Gaza Strip, but Palestine claims Jerusalem as the official capital.
September 18 — The Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma is renamed the Union of Burma
November 30 — The Democratic Republic of Afghanistan is renamed the Republic of Afghanistan
October 7 — The Dominion of Fiji is renamed the Republic of Fiji
February 22 — The Provisional Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia, or Derg, is renamed the People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
January 1 — The Dominion of New Zealand is renamed New Zealand
November 4 — The Northern Mariana Islands becomes an insular area dissolving the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands
November 3 — Independence of Federated States of Micronesia from the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands
October 21 — Independence of the Marshall Islands from the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands
April 15 — The Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya is renamed the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
January 1 — In the Netherlands Antilles, Aruba becomes a separate autonomous county
October 12 — The Republic of Ivory Coast is renamed the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire
October 10 — The Democratic Republic of the Sudan is renamed the Republic of the Sudan
October 3 — In the Falkland Islands in the United Kingdom, the Falkland Islands Dependencies, disputed by Argentina, becomes a separate territory known as the South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
August 4 — The Republic of Upper Volta is renamed Burkina Faso
February 4 — The United Republic of Cameroon is renamed the Republic of Cameroon
January 1 — Independence of Brunei from the United Kingdom
November 15 — The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus declares independence from Cyprus, with only Turkey recognizing it
September 19 — Independence of Saint Christopher and Nevis (without Anguilla, therefore making it a separate dependency) from the United Kingdom as St. Kitts and Nevis
March 21 — The official capital of Ivory Coast is changed from Abidjan to Yamoussoukro
August 15 — The unrecognized Kingdom of Rwenzururu is taken back by Uganda
June 22 — Democratic Kampuchea becomes exiled from Kampuchea, despite being a widely recognized UN member state, becomes a Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea
April 18 — The capital of Zimbabwe, Salisbury, is renamed Harare
April 17 — The Dominion of Canada is renamed Canada
February 1 — Creation of the Senegambia Confederation
December 26 — The Saudi-Iraqi neutral zone ceased to exist as the border between Saudi Arabia and Iraq was fixed
December 4 — The Republic of Ciskei was declared independent by South Africa
November 1 — Independence of Antigua and Barbuda from United Kingdom
September 21 — Independence of Belize from United Kingdom
July 30 — Independence of New Hebrides from France and United Kingdom condominium as Vanuatu
July 28 — The Peruvian Republic is renamed the Republic of Peru
July 24 — The Republic of Vemerana is taken back over by the Anglo-French New Hebrides Condominium, 6 days before Vanuatu achieves independence
May 27 — One day after Tafea was taken over, the Republic of Vemerana declared independence from the Anglo-French New Hebrides Condominium
May 26 — After 3½ months, the Nation of Tafea is taken back by the Anglo-French New Hebrides Condominium
April 18 — Zimbabwe-Rhodesia is renamed Zimbabwe upon full independence
February 15 — The Nation of Tafea declares independence from the Anglo-French New Hebrides Condominium
December 12 — The Republic of Zimbabwe-Rhodesia is taken back over by the United Kingdom
October 27 — Independence of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines from United Kingdom
September 20 — Central African Empire is renamed Central African Republic
September 13 — The Republic of Venda is given independence by South Africa
July 12 — Independence of the Gilbert Islands from the United Kingdom as the Republic of Kiribati
June 1 — The Republic of Rhodesia becomes the transitional state of Zimbabwe-Rhodesia
April 1 — Iran changes its name to the Islamic Republic of Iran
March 26 — Egyptian-Israeli Peace Treaty, Sinai Peninsula is returned to Egypt
February 22 — Independence of Saint Lucia from United Kingdom
February 11 — The Imperial State of Iran changes its name to Iran
January 10 — The People's Republic of Kampuchea after an overthrow of the democratic government comes into existence where Cambodia is
December 29 — After a transition to democracy, the Spanish State is renamed the Kingdom of Spain
November 3 — Independence of the Commonwealth of Dominica from the United Kingdom
October 1
Independence of Tuvalu from the United Kingdom
The State of the Comoros is renamed the Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros
September 7 — The Free, Sovereign and Independent Republic of Sri Lanka is renamed the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka
July 7 — Independence of Solomon Islands from the United Kingdom
April 30 — The Republic of Afghanistan is renamed the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
The capital of Sri Lanka is moved from Colombo to Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte
December 6 — The Republic of Bophuthatswana is declared independent by South Africa
June 27 — Independence of French Territory of the Afars and Issas as Djibouti
March 2 — The Libyan Arab Republic is renamed the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
December 28 — The People's Republic of Albania is renamed the Socialist People's Republic of Albania
December 4 — The Central African Republic is renamed the Central African Empire
October 26 — The Republic of Transkei is given independence by South Africa
August 7 — The Republic of North Solomons is taken by Papua New Guinea
July 2 — The Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam merges into the Democratic Republic of Vietnam to form the Socialist Republic of Vietnam
June 29 — Independence of the Republic of Seychelles from the United Kingdom
June 24 — The capital of the Philippines moves from Quezon City (official) and Baguio (summer) to Manila
June 23 — In the British Indian Ocean Territory, the islands of Aldabra, Farquhar, and Desroches are returned to Seychelles, six days before its independence
March 1 — Trinidad and Tobago is renamed the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago
February 27 — The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic declares independence from Spain in Western Sahara
February 3 — In Mozambique, the capital of Lourenço Marques is renamed to Maputo
December 30 — The Malagasy Republic is renamed the Democratic Republic of Madagascar
December 7 — East Timor is completely taken over by Indonesia
December 2 — The Kingdom of Laos is overthrown, and the Lao People's Democratic Republic takes power
November 30 — The Republic of Dahomey is renamed the People's Republic of Benin
November 28 — The Democratic Republic of East Timor declares independence from Portugal it is annexed by Indonesia by military force, but still achieves independence for a little over 1 week
November 25 — Independence of the Republic of Suriname from the Netherlands
November 14 — After negotiating the Madrid Accords with Morocco and Mauritania, Spain withdrew its forces and settlers from the Spanish Sahara, which became Moroccan Sahara.
November 11
Due to Angola achieving independence, Angolan Forces invaded the Republic of Cabinda, successfully taking it back
Independence of the People's Republic of Angola from Portugal
September 16 — Independence of the Independent State of Papua New Guinea from Australia
September 1 — The Republic of North Solomons declares independence from Australia
August 1 — The Republic of Cabinda declares independence from Portugal with little recognition
July 12 — Independence of the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe from Portugal
July 6 — Independence of the State of the Comoros from France
July 5 — Independence of the Republic of Cape Verde from Portugal
June 25 — Independence of the People's Republic of Mozambique from Portugal
May 16 — Sikkim officially becomes the 22nd state of the Indian Union
April 30 — Due to losing the Vietnam War, the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) is disestablished, and the socialist republican government of the Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam, allied with North Vietnam takes over
April 17 — The Khmer Republic was disestablished, and the Democratic Kampuchea takes control of Cambodia
December 13 — The State of Malta is renamed the Republic of Malta
October 19 — Niue becomes a state in free association with New Zealand, sharing New Zealand citizenship
September 12 — The Empire of Ethiopia is overthrown by the Provisional Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia (or Derg)
September 10 — The Independence of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau is internationally recognized, and the capital is moved from Madina do Boe to Bissau
August 16 — Turkish army reach the United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus, gaining about 40% of the territory of the island of Cyprus, after the invasion started on 20 July.
June 29 — The Tanna Nation is taken back by the Anglo-French New Hebrides Condominium
March 24 — The Tanna Nation declares independence from the Anglo-French New Hebrides Condominium
February 7 — Independence of Grenada from the United Kingdom
January 3 — The Union of Burma is renamed the Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma
The capital of Malawi is moved from Zomba to Lilongwe
September 24 — Independence of Portuguese Guinea from Portugal as the Republic of Guinea-Bissau, which is internationally unrecognized
July 17 — The Kingdom of Afghanistan is renamed the Republic of Afghanistan
July 10 — Independence of the Commonwealth of the Bahamas from the United Kingdom
June 1
British Honduras is renamed Belize
The Kingdom of Greece is renamed the Hellenic Republic
In the Gambia, the capital of Bathurst is renamed Banjul
June 2 — The Federal Republic of Cameroon is renamed the United Republic of Cameroon
May 22 — The Dominion of Ceylon is renamed the Free, Sovereign and Independent Republic of Sri Lanka
May 14 — Ryukyu Islands are returned to Japan
February 11 — The Emirate of Ras al-Khaimah joins the United Arab Emirates
February 10 — The Island of Rockall Act 1972 formally incorporated Rockall into the United Kingdom
The capital of Indonesia, Djakarta, is renamed Jakarta
Formation of the United Arab Emirates:
December 2 — The Emirates of Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Dubai, Fujairah, Sharjah, and Umm al-Quwain form to become the United Arab Emirates
December 1 — The Trucial States declare independence from the United Kingdom as the Emirates of Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Dubai, Fujairah, Ras al-Khaimah, Sharjah, and Umm al-Quwain
Independence of Bangladesh:
December 16 — Bangladesh wins independence from Pakistan
March 26 — The People's Republic of Bangladesh, previously the province of Pakistan under the name East Pakistan, declares independence
October 27 — The Democratic Republic of the Congo is renamed the Republic of Zaire
October 25 — The Republic of China was replaced in the United Nations by the People's Republic of China.
September 11 — The United Arab Republic is renamed the Arab Republic of Egypt
September 3 — Independence of the State of Qatar from the United Kingdom
August 15 — Independence of the State of Bahrain from the United Kingdom
April 19 — Sierra Leone is renamed the Republic of Sierra Leone
December 1 — The People's Republic of Yemen is renamed the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen
October 10 — Independence of the Dominion of Fiji from the United Kingdom
October 9 — The Kingdom of Cambodia is renamed the Khmer Republic
August 9 — The Sultanate of Muscat and Oman is renamed the Sultanate of Oman
June 4 — Independence of the Kingdom of Tonga from the United Kingdom
April 24 — The Gambia is renamed the Republic of the Gambia
March 2 — Rhodesia is renamed the Republic of Rhodesia
February 23 — Guyana is renamed the Co-operative Republic of Guyana
January 12 — The Republic of Biafra is taken back over by Nigeria
January 3 — The Republic of the Congo is renamed the People's Republic of the Congo
The capital of British Honduras is moved from Belize City to Belmopan due to vast destruction by Hurricane Hattie
December 18 — The Saudi-Kuwaiti neutral zone was divided, and the border between Saudi Arabia and Kuwait was defined
October 21 — The Somali Republic is renamed the Somali Democratic Republic
September 1 — After a coup d'état led by Muammar Gaddafi, the Kingdom of Libya becomes the Libyan Arab Republic
May 25 — The Republic of the Sudan is renamed the Democratic Republic of the Sudan
March 19 — The Republic of Anguilla is taken back by the United Kingdom
January 4 — Ifni is ceded to Morocco
November 11 — The Sultanate of the Maldive Islands is renamed the Republic of Maldives
October 12 — Independence of the Republic of Equatorial Guinea from Spain
September 6 — Independence of the Kingdom of Swaziland from the United Kingdom
June 26 — The Allied occupied Bonin-Volcano Islands are given back to Japan
March 12 — Independence of Mauritius from the United Kingdom
January 31 — Independence of the Republic of Nauru from Australia
November 30 — Independence of the Aden Protectorate as the People's Republic of Yemen (South Yemen) from the United Kingdom
Era of the Republic of Benin:
September 20 — The Republic of Benin is taken over by Nigeria
September 19 — The Republic of Benin becomes a puppet state that has no recognition from the parent state (Biafra)
September 8 — Uganda is renamed the Republic of Uganda
August 17 — Biafra takes over the Benin region
August 14 — In Pakistan, the capital is moved from Rawalpindi to Islamabad
July 12 — The Republic of Anguilla declares independence from the United Kingdom
July 5 — French Somaliland is renamed French Territory of the Afars and Issas
The Six Day War results in Israeli control of:
June 10 — Golan Heights from Syria
June 8 — Sinai Peninsula from Egypt
June 6 — Gaza Strip from Egypt, East Jerusalem and West Bank from Jordan
May 30 — The Republic of Biafra declares independence from Nigeria with partial recognition
March 15 — The Republic of the United States of Brazil is renamed the Federative Republic of Brazil
November 30 — Independence of Barbados from the United Kingdom
November 28 — The Kingdom of Burundi is renamed the Republic of Burundi
October 4 — Independence of Basutoland from the United Kingdom as the Kingdom of Lesotho
September 30 — Independence of Bechuanaland from the United Kingdom as the Republic of Botswana
July 6 — Malawi is renamed the Republic of Malawi
May 26 — Independence of British Guiana from the United Kingdom as Guyana
In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the capital of Léopoldville is renamed Kinshasa
November 11 — Unilateral Declaration of Independence by Rhodesia
November 8 — The United Kingdom creates the British Indian Ocean Territory from the Chagos Archipelago in Mauritius and the islands of Aldabra, Farquhar and Desroches from Seychelles, as Mauritius claims the Chagos Archipelago
August 21 — The Romanian People's Republic is renamed the Socialist Republic of Romania
August 9 — Singapore is expelled from the Federation of Malaysia and becomes the independent Republic of Singapore
August 4 — The Cook Islands becomes a state in free association with New Zealand, sharing citizenship
July 26 — Independence of the Sultanate of the Maldive Islands from the United Kingdom
February 18 — Independence of Gambia from the United Kingdom
December 12 — Kenya is renamed Republic of Kenya
October 29 — The United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar is renamed the Republic of Tanzania
October 24 — Independence of Northern Rhodesia from the United Kingdom as the Republic of Zambia
September 21 — Independence of the State of Malta from the United Kingdom
August 1 — The Republic of the Congo is renamed the Democratic Republic of the Congo
July 6 — Independence of Nyasaland from the United Kingdom as Malawi
April 26 — The Republic of Tanganyika and the People's Republic of Zanzibar and Pemba are united under the name United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar
January 12 — The Sultanate of Zanzibar is renamed the People's Republic of Zanzibar and Pemba
December 31 — Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland is divided into Northern Rhodesia, Southern Rhodesia, and Nyasaland
December 15 — The Spanish colonies of Fernando Pó and Río Muni merge to form Spanish Guinea
December 12 — Independence of Kenya from the United Kingdom
December 10 — Independence of the Sultanate of Zanzibar from the United Kingdom
October 1 — The Federation of Nigeria is renamed the Federal Republic of Nigeria
September 23 — The Suvadive Islands are taken back over from the United Kingdom
September 16 — The Federation of Malaya, North Borneo, Sarawak, and Singapore merge to become Malaysia
August 31 — Independence of the Republic of Singapore from the United Kingdom
June 30 — Independence of the Kingdom of Rwenzururu from Uganda with no recognition
May 1 — United Nations Temporary Executive Authority in New Guinea is transferred to Indonesia
April 25 — The United Kingdom of Libya is renamed the Kingdom of Libya
April 7 — The Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia is renamed the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
March 3 — The disputed area of the Trans-Karakoram Tract is given to China by Pakistan, although India still claims it
January 15 — Katanga is taken back by Congo (Léopoldville)
December 9 — Tanganyika is renamed the Republic of Tanganyika
November 21 — The disputed area of the Aksai Chin is given to China by Pakistan, although India still claims it
November 14 — Eritrea becomes a province of the Ethiopian Empire, losing the autonomy it had under federation
October 9 — Independence of Uganda from the United Kingdom
October 1 — Netherlands New Guinea is transferred to United Nations Temporary Executive Authority
September 27 — The Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen is renamed the Yemen Arab Republic
September 26 — The capital of the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen is moved from Ta'izz to Sana'a
September 25 — The Algerian State is renamed the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria
August 31 — Independence of Trinidad and Tobago from the United Kingdom
August 6 — Independence of Jamaica from the United Kingdom
July 5 — After a referendum, the Algerian State becomes independent from France
July 1 — Independence of Ruanda-Urundi from Belgium as two sovereign states:
The Kingdom of Burundi
The Rwandese Republic
May 31 — Dissolution of the West Indies Federation:
The Cayman Islands are split from Jamaica
Barbados, Jamaica, Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla, Trinidad and Tobago, and the Turks and Caicos Islands become their own separate British colonies
The British Leeward Islands are further dissolved into the British colonies of Antigua and Barbuda, Montserrat, and Saint Kitts and Nevis
The British Windward Islands are further dissolved into the British colonies of Dominica, Grenada, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
March 3 — The United Kingdom officially gives the territory claimed in Antarctica an entity, the British Antarctic Territory, although this is suspended under the Antarctic Treaty
January 1 — Independence of the Independent State of Western Samoa from New Zealand
December 26 — The United Arab States is dissolved into the United Arab Republic (Egypt), Syria, and North Yemen
December 19 — Goa was annexed by India using military force from Portugal
December 9 — Independence of Tanganyika from the United Kingdom
December 1 — The Netherlands New Guinea is renamed West Papua
October 1 — Southern British Cameroon merges with the Republic of Cameroun to form the Federal Republic of Cameroon
September 28 — In the United Arab States, Syria leaves the United Arab Republic, returning to the name of the Syrian Arab Republic
August 11 — The Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli joins India, as Portugal ceases to claim it
August 1 — Portugal cedes São João Baptista de Ajudá to Dahomey
July 31 — Portuguese fort São João Baptista de Ajudá (now Ouidah), is annexed by Dahomey
June 19 — Independence of the State of Kuwait from the United Kingdom
May 31
Northern British Cameroon joins Nigeria
The Union of South Africa is renamed the Republic of South Africa
April 27 — Independence of Sierra Leone from the United Kingdom
January 14 — India annexes Portuguese India, and Portugal keeps claims on it
The British Virgin Islands become a separate colony from the West Indies Federation
November 28 — Independence of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania from France
October 1 — Independence of the Federation of Nigeria from the United Kingdom
September 22 — The Soudanese Republic is renamed the Republic of Mali
August 20 — Dissolution of the Mali Federation
Withdrawal of the Republic of Senegal from the Mali Federation
The Soudanese Republic is left from the former Mali Federation
August 17 — Independence of the Gabonese Republic from France
August 16 — Independence of the Republic of Cyprus from the United Kingdom, but still claim the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia
August 15 — Independence of the Republic of the Congo from France
August 13 — Independence of the Central African Republic from France
August 11
Independence of the Republic of Chad from France
The Czechoslovak Republic is renamed the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
August 7 — Independence of the Republic of Ivory Coast from France
August 5 — Independence of the Republic of Upper Volta from France
August 3 — Independence of the Republic of Niger from France
August 1
Independence of the Republic of Dahomey from France
The capital of Pakistan is moved from Karachi to Rawalpindi
July 11 — Independence of the State of Katanga from the Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville) with no recognition
July 1
Independence of Trust Territory of Somalia from Italy and union with the State of Somaliland to form the Somali Republic
Independence of the Belgian Congo from Belgium under the name Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville), although soon after, this was not a stable state of affairs, as the Congo Crisis occurred
June 26
Independence of the Malagasy Republic from France
Independence of British Somaliland as the State of Somaliland
June 20 — Independence of French Sudan from France with Senegal as the Mali Federation
April 27 — Independence of the Togolese Republic from France
April 21 — The federal capital of Brazil is moved from Rio de Janeiro to Brasília, a purpose-built city
January 1 — Independence of the Republic of Cameroun from France
July 4 — In the West Indies Federation, Turks and Caicos Islands becomes a separate colony from Jamaica
June 30 — Fernando Pó and Río Muni are merged to form Spanish Guinea
April 4 — In French Africa, the colonies of Senegal and Soudan merge to form the Mali Federation
January 3 — The Suvadive Islands declare independence from the United Kingdom with no recognition
Formation of the French Community:
December 19 — The French Colony of Niger joins the French Community
December 11 — The French Colony of Upper Volta joins the French Community
December 4
The French Colony of Dahomey joins the French Community
The French Colony of Ivory Coast joins the French Community
December 1 — The French Colony of Ubangi-Shari joins the French Community as the Central African Republic
November 28
The French Colony of Chad joins the French Community
The French Colony of Congo joins the French Community
The French Colony of Gabon joins the French Community
The French Colony of Mauritania joins the French Community
The French Colony of Senegal joins the French Community
The French Colony of French Sudan joins the French Community as Soudan
October 14 — The French Colony of Madagascar joins the French Community as the Malagasy Republic
October 2 — Independence of the Republic of Guinea from France
October 1 — Sovereignty over Christmas Island is transferred from the United Kingdom to Australia
July 14 — The Arab Federation of Iraq and Jordan is disestablished as the Republic of Iraq and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (along with East Jerusalem and West Bank)
April 10 — Spanish West Africa is disestablished:
The province of Ifni becomes a separate colony
The province of Cape Juby is ceded to Morocco
The provinces of Río de Oro and Saguia el-Hamra become Spanish Sahara
March 8 — The United Arab States are created from Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen (North Yemen) and the United Arab Republic
February 22 — The French administered United Nations Trust Territory of French Togoland is renamed Togo
February 14 — The Kingdom of Iraq and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (along with East Jerusalem and West Bank) form the Arab Federation of Iraq and Jordan
February 1 — The Syrian Republic and Republic of Egypt form the United Arab Republic
January 12 — Ifni is separated from Spanish West Africa
January 3 — Barbados, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, the British Leeward Islands, and the British Windward Islands are joined together to form the West Indies Federation
August 31 — Independence of the Federation of Malaya from the United Kingdom
August 14 — The Sherifian Empire is renamed the Kingdom of Morocco
July 25 — The Tunisian Realm is renamed the Tunisian Republic
March 6 — Independence of the Gold Coast Colony from the United Kingdom as Ghana
January 1 — Saar is given to West Germany as the state of Saarland
December 13 — British Togoland is merged into the Gold Coast
October 29 — The international zone under joint administration of France, Spain, the United Kingdom, Italy, Portugal, and Belgium is reintegrated into Morocco
April 7 — Spanish Morocco becomes part of Morocco
March 20 — Independence of the Tunisian Realm from France
March 2 — Independence of Morocco from France as the Sherifian Empire
January 1 — Independence of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan from Egypt and United Kingdom condominium as the Republic of the Sudan
November 23 — The United Kingdom gives the Cocos (Keeling) Islands to Australia
October 26 — The State of Vietnam is renamed the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam)
September 18 — Rockall officially claimed by the United Kingdom
August 6 — The French overseas territory of Adélie Land and the Malagasy dependencies of the Crozet Islands, the Kerguelen Islands, and the Saint-Paul and Amsterdam merge to form the French Southern and Antarctic Lands
December 15 — The Kingdom of the Netherlands consists of three autonomous countries, formally under sovereignty of the Netherlands:
Netherlands
Netherlands Antilles
Suriname
October 26 — End of the Free Territory of Trieste, divided between Italy and Yugoslavia
August 15 — The Free Dadra is renamed the Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli
August 2 — In the Free Dadra, the capital is moved from Dadra to Silvassa
July 22 — The Free Dadra declared independence from Portugal with recognition only from India
July 21 — Independence of the State of Vietnam (South Vietnam), and this leads to international recognition of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam)
April 27 — Geneva Accords grant independence to Vietnam, provisionally divided into North Vietnam and South Vietnam
November 9 — Independence of the Kingdom of Cambodia from France
October 22 — Independence of the Kingdom of Laos from France
August 1 — The British colonies of Northern Rhodesia, Southern Rhodesia, and Nyasaland merge to form Rhodesia and Nyasaland
July 27 — End of Korean War re-partitions Korean peninsula
June 19 — The Kingdom of Egypt is renamed the Republic of Egypt
April 15 — The United States of Venezuela is renamed the Republic of Venezuela
October 17 — The unrecognized Republic of the South Moluccas is taken back over by Indonesia
September 15 — Italian Eritrea is federated with the Ethiopian Empire
July 22 — The Republic of Poland is renamed the People's Republic of Poland
April 28 — End of Allied occupation of Japan
December 24 — Independence of Fezzan from France and Cyrenaica and Tripolitania from the United Kingdom as the United Kingdom of Libya
June 11 — Due to Portuguese colonies being reorganized as overseas provinces, Portuguese East Africa is renamed Mozambique and Portuguese West Africa renamed Angola
May 23 — The unrecognized country of Tibet is taken over by China
December 5 — The Kingdom of Sikkim signed a protectorate treaty with India, becoming a part of it
August 17 — The Republic of the United States of Indonesia is renamed the Republic of Indonesia
April 25 — The Republic of the South Moluccas declares independence from Indonesia with no recognition
January 26 — The Union of India is renamed the Republic of India
December 27 — Independence of the Republic of Indonesia from the Netherlands is internationally recognized as the Republic of the United States of Indonesia, the territories recognized as Indonesia were the following autonomous states:
Bangka Belitung and Riau Federation
Territory of Banjar
Central Java
Dayak Besar
East Indonesia
East Java
Federation of East Kalimantan
State of East Sumatra
State of Madura
Federation of Southeast Kalimantan
State of South Sumatra
Sundanese State
Special Territory of West Kalimantan
November 6 — The Australian administered Territory of New Guinea and the Territory of Papua merge to form the Territory of Papua and New Guinea
November 21 — The British administered proctorates of the Emirate of Cyrenaica, the occuptied territory of Tripolitania, and the French occupied territory of Fezzan merge to form a joint administered Libya
November 8 — The French Indochina remains form the French administered Kingdom of Cambodia
November — The British occupied territory of Italian Somaliland is transferred to Italy as the Trust Territory of Somalia
October 20 — The Soviet backed East Turkestan Republic is taken over by the People's Republic of China
October 7 — German Democratic Republic (East Germany) established in Soviet occupation zone of Germany
October 1 — The People's Republic of China claims victory in the Chinese Civil War, and is unrecognized by any country, gradually gaining recognition as time goes on, while the Republic of China is exiled to Taiwan, gradually losing recognition as time goes on
September 9 — The Kingdom of Tripura merges with India
August 20 — The Republic of Hungary is renamed the People's Republic of Hungary
August 8 — The Indian protectorate of the Kingdom of Bhutan declares independence
July 19 — The area of Laos in French Indochina becomes a separate entity under France as the Kingdom of Laos
June 20 — The 1948 Arab-Israeli War ends, resulting in former mandate territory split among Israel, Jordan, and Egypt
June 14 — The area of Vietnam in French Indochina becomes a separate entity under France as the State of Vietnam, but North Vietnam still claims independence
May 23 — Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) and West Berlin established in U.S., British, and French occupation zones of Germany
April 3 — The Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan is renamed the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
April 1 — The Dominion of Newfoundland joins Canada as its tenth province
March 2 — In the Dutch East Indies, the autonomous state of Central Java is established
March 1 — The British occupied territory of Cyrenacia is renamed the Emirate of Cyrenaica
November 26 — In the Dutch East Indies, the autonomous state of East Java is established
September 20 — Reorganization and naming of the Dutch colonies
Curaçao and Dependencies is renamed the Netherlands Antilles, as its dependencies gain equality in level of sovereignty
September 12 — The State of Hyderabad is reintegrated back into the Indian Union
September 9 — Establishment of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea out of Soviet occupied Korea (North Korea)
August 30 — In the Dutch East Indies, the State of South Sumatra is established
August 15 — Establishment of the Republic of Korea out of British/American/United Nations occupied Korea (South Korea)
May 14 — Independence of the State of Israel after the British Empire ends the British Mandate for Palestine
April 24 — In the Dutch East Indies, the State of West Java is renamed the Sundanese State
April 18 — Ireland is declared a republic
April 1 — The Faroe Islands becomes a self-governing dependency
February 26 — In the Dutch East Indies, the State of West Java is created
February 4
Independence of the Dominion of Ceylon from the United Kingdom
In the Dutch East Indies, the Siak Besar Territory is renamed the Federation of East Kalimantan
January 30 — In the United Kingdom, the Malayan Union is renamed the Federation of Malaya
January 23
In the Dutch East Indies, the states of Bangka Council, the Belitung Council, and the Riau Council are merged as the Bangka Belitung and Riau Federation
In the Dutch East Indies, the autonomous State of Madura is created
January 14 — In the Dutch East Indies, the autonomous state of the Territory of Banjar is created
January 4 — Independence of the Union of Burma from the United Kingdom
December 30 — The Kingdom of Romania is renamed the Romanian People's Republic
December 26 — Sovereignty over the Heard Island and McDonald Islands is transferred from the United Kingdom to Australia
December 25 — In the Dutch East Indies, the Special Territory of East Sumatra is renamed the State of East Sumatra
December 15 — France claims the Saar as a protectorate from allied-occupied Germany
November 25 — The Dominion of New Zealand ceases to be a dominion of the British Empire
November 1 — The League of Nations Mandate of Nauru is transferred as a United Nations Trust Territory
October 27 — The princely state of Kashmir and Jammu is divided between India and Pakistan
October 16 — Seven of the Turtle Islands are ceded to the Philippines by the United Kingdom
October 8 — In the Dutch East Indies, the autonomous state of the Special Territory of East Sumatra is created
September 15 — Creation of the Free Territory of Trieste
August 27 — In the Dutch East Indies, the Siak Besar Territory is created
August 15 — Independence of the Union of India (with the protecterate of the Kingdom of Bhutan), the Kingdom of Sikkim, and the countries of Jammu and Kashmir and Hyderabad from the United Kingdom
August 14 — Independence of the Dominion of Pakistan
August 12 — Independence of the Balochistan(Kalat State)from United Kingdom
July 18 — The South Pacific (League of Nations) Mandate, governed by Japan, is transferred to the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (under the United Nations, administered by the United States)
July 12 — In the Dutch East Indies, the following autonomous states are created:
Bangka Council
Riau Council
May 12 — In the Dutch East Indies, the Federation of West Kalimantan is renamed the Special Territory of West Kalimantan
February 10 — Italian Tientsin
January 25 — The New Zealand administered League of Nations Mandate of Western Samoa is transferred as a United Nations Trust Territory
January 8 — In the Dutch East Indies, the autonomous state of the Federation of South Kalimantan is established
December 27 — In the Dutch East Indies, the autonomous state State of Great East is renamed the State of East Indonesia
December 24 — In the Dutch East Indies, the State of Great East is established
December 15 — The Soviet occupied area of the Republic of Mahabad is given back to Iran
Transfer of League of Nations Mandates to United Nations Trust Territories:
December 16 — British Cameroons and Cameroun (French administered)
December 13 — British Togoland, French Togoland, and the Belgian administered Ruanda-Urundi
December 11 — Tanganyika Territory is renamed Tanganyika (British administered)
December 8 — Territory of New Guinea (Australian administered)
December 10 — In the Dutch East Indies, the autonomous state Belitung Council is established
December 7 — In the Dutch East Indies, the autonomous state Dayak Besar is established
November — The Soviet occupied area of the Azerbaijan People's Government is returned to Iran
October 27 — Reorganization of French territories to overseas territories:
Uninhabited possessions:
Adélie Land
Colonies:
Comoros (separated from Madagascar)
French Equatorial Africa
French Establishments in India
French Establishments in Oceania is renamed the French Settlements in Oceania
French Somaliland is renamed the Territory of French Somaliland
French West Africa
Madagascar
New Caledonia and Dependencies is renamed the Territory of New Caledonia and Dependencies
Saint Pierre and Miquelon is renamed the Territory of Saint Pierre and Miquelon
October 22 — In the Dutch East Indies, the autonomous state of the Federation of West Kalimantan is established
October 14 — The Provisional Government of the French Republic is renamed the French Republic
September 15 — The Kingdom of Bulgaria is renamed the People's Republic of Bulgaria
July 26 — The Spanish colonies of Ifni and Spanish Sahara merge to form Spanish West Africa
July 13 — In Montenegro (then part of Yugoslavia), the city of Podgorica is renamed Titograd
July 4
Independence of the Commonwealth of the Philippines from the United States as the Republic of the Philippines
The city of Königsberg is renamed Kaliningrad in the Soviet Union
June 2 — The Kingdom of Italy is renamed the Italian Republic
May 25 — The Emirate of Transjordan declares independence from the United Kingdom as the Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan
April 1 — Formation of the colony of the Malayan Union from the following protectorates
Federated Malay States
State of Johor Darul Ta'zim
State of Kedah Darul Aman
State of Kelantan Darul
State of Perlis Indera Kayangan
State of Terengganu Darul Iman
Straits Settlements (Singapore became a separate crown colony)
March 19 — The following French colonies became overseas department:
French Guiana (Inini is reintegrated back into French Guiana)
Guadeloupe
Martinique
Réunion
February 28 — The following French Concessions are ceded to the Republic of China:
Shanghai
Tientsin
Guangzhouwan renamed Zhanjiang
February 2 — The Kingdom of Hungary is renamed the Hungarian Republic
January 31 — The Democratic Federal Yugoslavia is renamed the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia
January 22 — The Soviet Union occupies part of northwestern Iran, and that area forms the puppet state of the Republic of Mahabad
January 11 — The Democratic Government of Albania is renamed the People's Republic of Albania
December 29 — The Netherlands New Guinea is separated from the Dutch East Indies
December 26 — Independence of the Republic of Poland
November 29 — The Democratic Federal Yugoslavia is renamed the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia
November — The Soviet Union invades northwest Iran and creates the puppet state of the Azerbaijan People's Government
October 25 — In occupied Japan, Taiwan is given to the Republic of China, the successor to the Qing dynasty.
October 17 — Soviet Union annexes northern East Prussia
October 16 — The Japanese puppet state of the Kingdom of Cambodia is taken over by France and put back under French Indochina
October 10 — In occupied Japan, the Banaba Island are given back over by the Gilbert and Ellice Islands, under the United Kingdom
October 7 — In occupied Japan, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands are given back to the British Raj
October — In occupied Japan, Christmas Island is given back to the United Kingdom
September 23 — The Kingdom of Laos, which was under Japanese occupation, is taken back by France as part of the French Indochina
September 16 — The British occupation of the Faroe Islands ends and handed back to Denmark
September 15 — The Soviet Union occupied People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) ends
September 13 — Nauru is taken back over by allied forces and put under a U.N. trusteeship, administered by Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom
September 12
Malaya is given back to the United Kingdom from occupied Japan, split into the Federated Malay States and the State of Johor Darul Ta'zim
Syonan-to is taken back over by the United Kingdom from Japan as the Straits Settlements
September 11 — In occupied Japan, Timor is split between the Portuguese East Timor and the Dutch West Timor
September 10 — Bourneo Kita and the occupation of the British protectorate of the Kingdom of Sarawak is taken back over by the United Kingdom as North Borneo
September 9 — Nanjing is taken over by the Republic of China
September 8 — The following states were freed from the Empire of Japan (which became occupied), and became their own states from Malaya
The State of Kedah Darul Aman, the State of Kelantan Darul Naim, the State of Perlis Indera Kayangan, and the State of Terengganu Darul Iman
September 4 — The United States occupies Wake Island from Japan
September 3 — The United States occupies the Bonin Islands and Volcano Islands from Japan
September 2
World War II ends, and the capital of the Republic of China is moved from Chongqing back to Nanking
The Democratic Republic of Vietnam declared independence from France
September
The Concessions of Shanghai, Tientsin, and Guangzhouwan are re-controlled by France from Japan
August 28 — British Hong Kong becomes a crown colony
August 22 — The Kwantung Leased Territory is given to the Republic of China
August 18 — The Japanese create a separate political entity for the Andaman and Nicobar Islands
August 17
The Dutch East Indies declares independence, after being freed from Japanese forces by allied powers, from the Netherlands as the Republic of Indonesia
The Government in exile, Commonwealth of the Philippines, while semi-independent self-governing of the United States, takes over the Japanese occupied independent Republic of the Philippines
August 16 — The Japanese occupation of Hong Kong ends, being liberated by allied forces and put under British rule
August 15
The Great Empire of Manchuria is taken over by the Soviet Union
French Indochina is recovered by France
Chōsen is occupied by allied forces as Korea, as the Soviet Union occupies northern Korea
August 11 — The Japanese occupied Empire of Vietnam is taken back over by France
June 29 — A treaty is signed between the Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia having the Soviet Union annex Subcarpathian Ruthenia
June 14 — The State of Brunei is retaken by the United Kingdom and is classified as a protectorate
May 13 — The Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia is integrated back into Czechoslovakia
May 9
The Reichskommissariat Norwegen (Norway) is liberated by allied forces, and is given back its possessions (Bouvet Island, Peter I Island, and Queen Maud Land)
The Channel Islands are liberated from Nazi Germany to the United Kingdom as the Bailiwick of Guernsey and the Bailiwick of Jersey
May 8
The Flensburg Government surrenders to the allies and is occupied
The Independent State of Croatia is taken over by allied forces and given back to Yugoslavia
May 7 — The Dodecanese Islands are taken over by allied forces and given to Greece
May 5
The occupation of the Kingdom of Denmark by the Flensburg Government (while given back Greenland from United States protection) ends
The Reichskommissariat Niederlande (the Netherlands) is liberated, and the colonies loyal to the government in exile of Curaçao and Dependencies and the Surinam are merged to form the Kingdom of the Netherlands
May 1 — Due to the death of Adolf Hitler, and the allied victory of the Battle of Berlin, the government was moved to Flensburg, and the Flensburg Government was created
April 27 — Anschluss is taken over by allied forces and was treated as the first victim of Nazi Germany, and occupied as the Republic of Austria
April 25 — The Italian Social Republic is taken over from Nazi Germany and given to the Kingdom of Italy
April 8 — The Kingdom of Laos declares independence under Japanese occupation, while Japanese Indochina ceases to exist as a political entity
April 4 — The Slovak Republic is liberated and given to the Czechoslovak Republic
April 3
The Czechoslovak Republic is liberated from Nazi Germany
The United States takes over the Ryukyu Islands and administers it as the United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands
March 27 — The State of Burma is taken back over by allied forces and becomes the British crown colony of Burma
March 20 — France regains Alsace-Lorraine
March 18 — The Kingdom of Cambodia declares independence from Japan under its occupation
March 11 — The Empire of Vietnam declares independence from Japan under its occupation
March 8 — The Kingdom of Hungary is liberated from Nazi Germany
January 17 — The Polish area of the General Government is liberated from Nazi Germany by allied forces
December 31 — The Republic of Poland gains independence
December 15 — The Kingdom of Montenegro, a puppet state of Italian Social Republic (which is a puppet state of Nazi Germany), is taken over by allied forces
November 13 — The Independent State of Macedonia is liberated from axis powers, and Yugoslavia takes it back
November 12 — The East Turkestan Republic declares independence from the Republic of China
November 3 — The Hellenic State is completely liberated from the axis powers, with the Kingdom of Greece taken over the rest of it
October 20
The Albanian Kingdom is liberated from the axis powers as the Democratic Government of Albania
The Military Administration in Serbia is liberated from the axis powers, and Yugoslavia takes it back over
October 16 — The Kingdom of Hungary becomes a puppet state of Nazi Germany, keeping the name of the Kingdom of Hungary
October 13
The Kingdom of Greece returns to power after Athens is recovered
The Reichskommissariat Ostland is completely taken over by allied forces, and integrated into the Soviet Union
October 11 — The Soviet Union annexes the Tuvan People's Republic
September 11 — The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg is liberated from Nazi Germany
September 8 — The Independent State of Macedonia is created in Bulgarian controlled Macedonia
September 3 — The Military Administration in Belgium and North France are liberated from Nazi Germany and the Kingdom of Belgium is reformed, as Belgian Congo is put under the Belgian government control after being loyal to the government in exile
August 20 — The French State (Vichy France) is renamed the Provisional Government of the French Republic. All of its colonies remained loyal to the Free French Forces until Vichy France was disestablished, and Clipperton Island is returned
August 10 — Omiya Jima is taken over by the United States from Japan
June 17 — The Republic of Iceland declares independence from Denmark, under United States protection
February 2 — The Reichskommissariat Ukraine (Ukraine) is taken back over by the Soviet Union
December 1 — The National Republic State of Italy is renamed the Italian Social Republic
November 22 — The Mandate of Syria, made up of the State of Greater Lebanon and the Syrian Republic, are given independence as the Lebanese Republic and the Syrian Republic, respectively
October 23 — The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are taken back over by allied forces
October 14 — The Philippines under the Japanese, is given independence as the Republic of the Philippines
September 23 — The part of Italy under German occupation is made into a separate country as the National Republican State of Italy
September 11 — The Dodecanese Islands becomes an occupied territory under Nazi Germany from Italy
September 10 — The Kingdom of Montenegro becomes a protectorate under Nazi Germany from Italy
September 8
The Albanian Kingdom becomes a protectorate of Nazi Germany from Italy
September — The French Antilles and Guiana is split into French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Inini, Martinique, and Saint Pierre and Miquelon
August 15 — Kiska is taken over by allied forces
August 1 — Burma is given independence under Japanese occupation as the State of Burma
July 30 — The Shanghai French Concession and the Tianjin French Concession are taken over by Japan
June 26 — The German Reich is officially renamed the Greater German Reich
May 30 — Attu Island is taken back over by the United States
February — Guangzhouwan is taken over by Japan
January 13 — Italian Libya (Fezzan) is taken over by allied forces from Italy, and was under the Free French Forces
December 28 — The allied forces took back over French Somaliland from Vichy France, and is loyal to the Free French Forces
December 14 — The allied forces took back over Madagascar from Vichy France, and is loyal to the Free French Forces
November 28 — The allied forces took back over Réunion from Vichy France, and is loyal to the Free French Forces
November 8 — The allied forces took back over the Kingdom of Morocco from Vichy France, and is loyal to the Free French Forces
November 1 — The Karafuto Prefecture is integrated into Mainland Japan
November — The allied forces took back over French West Africa from Vichy France, and is loyal to the Free French Forces
October 23 — The allied forces takes over Tripolitania from Italy, and it becomes an occupied territory of the United Kingdom
October 9 — The Commonwealth of Australia ceases to be a dominion within the British Empire
August 26 — The Japanese occupy Banaba Island and Nauru from the United Kingdom
August 1 — The Japanese occupy Burma from the United Kingdom
June 7 — The Japanese occupy Atsuta Jima and Narukami Jima from the United States
March 31 — The Japanese occupy Christmas Island and the Straits Settlements (which is integrated into Japanese occupied Malaya) from the United Kingdom
March 23 — The Japanese occupy the Andaman and Nicobar Islands from the United Kingdom
March 8 — The Japanese occupy the Netherlands East Indies from the Netherlands as Indonesia
February 20 — The Japanese occupy Portuguese Timor and Dutch Timor and combine them as Timor
February 15 — The Japanese occupy Singapore from the United Kingdom as Syonan-to
January 31 — The Japanese occupy the State of Johor Darul Ta'zim and the Federated Malay States from the United Kingdom and integrated into what is captured by the Japanese Malaya
January 18 — The Japanese occupy Boruneo Kita from the United Kingdom
January 6 — The Japanese occupy the State of Brunei Darussalam from the United Kingdom
January 2 — The Japanese occupy the Commonwealth of the Philippines from the United States as the Philippines
December 25 — The Japanese occupy British Hong Kong as the Hong Kong Occupied Territory
December 24 — The Japanese occupy the Kingdom of Sarawak, as Sarawak
December 23 — Wake Island is taken over by Japan from the United States as Otori Jima
December 22 — Within British Malaya, the State of Kelantan Darul Naim is taken over by Japan
December 14 — Within British Malaya, the State of Kedah Darul Aman is taken over by Japan
December 11 — The Japanese occupy the State of Terengganu Darul Iman from the United Kingdom as part of Japanese Malaya
December 10 — The Territory of Guam is taken over by Japan from the United States as Omiya Jima
December 8 — The Japanese begin the invasion of Malaya in the State of Perlis Indera Kavangan, as Malaya
November 28 — Italian East Africa is taken over by allied forces
July 17
After the invasion of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, Nazi Germany creates the Reichskommissariat Ostland
After the invasion of around Ukraine, Nazi Germany creates the Reichskommissariat Ukraine
July 12 — After Italy invades Montenegro, it creates the protectorate of the Kingdom of Montenegro
July — The French shares French Indochina with Japan
May 19 — Eritrea is taken over by the United Kingdom
May 5 — The Ethiopian Empire is revived after being under Italian control
April 30 — The Military Administration in Serbia is created after Nazi Germany invades it
April 17 — The Kingdom of Yugoslavia is dissolved due to axis invasions
April 9 — Greenland and the Kingdom of Iceland are put under United States protection from the Danish government-in-exile
April 6 — The Kingdom of Greece is taken over by axis forces
March 16 — The British Somaliland protectorate is taken back over by allied forces
February 26 — Allied forces take over Italian Somaliland, and is put under the United Kingdom
February — Cyrenaica is taken over by the United Kingdom
November 12 — French Equatorial Africa is taken back over by allied forces, loyal to the Free French Forces (FFF)
November 4 — The international city of Tangier is taken over by Spain
September 22 — New Caledonia and Dependencies are taken back over by allied forces, loyal to the FFF
September 9 — French India is taken back over by allied forces, loyal to the FFF
September 2 — French Oceania is taken back over by allied forces, loyal to the FFF.
August 19 — British Somaliland is taken over by Italian forces, and put under Italian East Africa.
August 6 — The Estonian SSR is illegally annexed into the Soviet Union as the 16th union republic. This move was not recognized by the United States, United Kingdom or the international community.
August 5 — The Latvian SSR is illegally annexed into the Soviet Union as the 15th union republic. This move was not recognized by the United States, United Kingdom or the international community.
August 3 — The Lithuanian SSR is illegally annexed into the Soviet Union as the 14th union republic. This move was not recognized by the United States, United Kingdom or the international community.
August 2 — The Moldavian SSR is annexed into the Soviet Union as the 13th union republic.
July 31 — The General Government for the Occupied Polish Territories is renamed the General Government.
July 21 — The Estonian, Latvian and the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republics are declared in Soviet-occupied Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.
July 1 — The Bailiwick of Jersey is taken over by Nazi Germany
June 30 — The Bailiwick of Guernsey is taken over by German Empire
June 28 — The Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic is declared in Soviet-occupied Moldavia.
June 22 — The French Republic is renamed the French State (Vichy France)
June 17 — The Soviet Union invades the Republic of Estonia and the Republic of Latvia.
June 15
The Soviet Union invades the Republic of Lithuania
Germany annexes Alsace-Lorraine
June 7 — The Kingdom of Norway and its possessions (Bouvet Island, Peter I Island, and Queen Maud Land) is taken over by Nazi Germany
May 17 — The Kingdom of Belgium is taken over by Nazi Germany as the Military Administration in Belgium and North France, while Belgian Congo remains loyal to the government-in-exile
May 14 — The Kingdom of the Netherlands is taken over by Nazi Germany as the Reichskommissariat Niederlande, and its colonies remain loyal to the government-in-exile
May 10 — The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg is taken over by Nazi Germany
April 12 — The Faroe Islands are put under British occupation
April 9 — The Kingdom of Denmark is taken over by Nazi Germany, while Greenland is self-governing
March 30 — The Provisional Government of China and the Reformed Government of the Republic of China merge to form the Reorganized National Government of China (Republic of China)
March 12 — The Finnish Democratic Republic is taken over by Finland
December 1 — The Finnish Democratic Republic is created after the Soviet invasion of Finland
October 12 — The General Government for the Occupied Polish Territories is created in Nazi Germany
October 6 — Poland is partitioned between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union
September 28 — The Republic of Poland falls as a government, being under Nazi German occupation
September 14 — The colonies of French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Inini, Martinique, and Saint Pierre and Miquelon merges into the colony of the French Antilles and Guiana
September 2 — The Free City of Danzig is taken over by Nazi Germany
September 1
World War II begins with the German invasion of Poland
The Japanese militarily occupied Mongol United Autonomous Government is renamed the Mengjiang United Autonomous Government
July 23 — Turkey fully annexes the Republic of Hatay
April 12 — Italy annexes the Albanian Kingdom
April 6 — The islands of Canton and Enderbury are put under the Canton and Enderbury Islands condominium of the United States and the United Kingdom
April 1 — The Spanish Civil War ends with the Spanish State completely takes over Spain from the Spanish Republic
March 18 — Carpatho-Ukraine is annexed by Hungary
March 15 — Czechoslovakia is partitioned into the German protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, Slovakia, and Carpatho-Ukraine
September 30
The Munich Agreement transfers the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia to Germany and gives parts of Slovakia to Hungary
The Czechoslovak Republic is renamed the Czecho-Slovak Republic
September 7 — The area known as Hatay, becomes an independent Hatay State, from Syria
July 29 — The Australian Federal Capital Territory is renamed the Australian Capital Territory
March 28 — The Reformed Government of China is formed after the Japanese invade northern China
March 12 — Nazi Germany annexes the Federal State of Austria in the Anschluss
March 8 — The United States claims the Canton and Enderbury Islands
January 14 — Norway lays claims in Antarctica as Queen Maud Land and lies between 20° west and 45° east
January 12 — Tristan da Cunha becomes a dependency of the crown colony of Saint Helena, part of the United Kingdom
December 29 — Irish Free State adopts the Constitution of Ireland.
December 14 — Japanese invasion of China continues with the creation of the Provisional Government of the Republic of China
December 5 — The invasion of China by Japan continues with the invasion of Shanghai, creating the Dadao Municipal Government of Shanghai
November 22 — The Mongol Military Government is renamed the Mongol United Autonomous Government
April 1 — The following colonies are split from the latter:
The Aden Settlement is separated from British India and is changed into the Aden Colony and Protectorate, in modern-day Yemen
British Burma is separated from the British Raj
December 22 — The Anglo-Egyptian treaty of 1936 is ratified, and all British troops are withdrawn from Egypt, except for the Suez Canal Zone
December 5 — In the French Mandate of Syria, the Sanjak of Latakia is integrated into the Syrian Republic
December 2 — In the French Mandate of Syria, the Jabal ad-Druze is integrated into the Syrian Republic
October 14 — Spanish Guinea is taken over by Spanish Nationalist forces
September — Ifni and Spanish Sahara are taken over by Spanish Nationalist forces
August 6 — The British reassert their claim on Kanton Island
July 23 — The Spanish State claims to be the sole government of Spain
July 17 — Nationalist forces take over Spanish Morocco, starting the Spanish Civil War
June 1 — The Italian colonies of Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Italian Somaliland merge to form Italian East Africa
May 9 — The Ethiopian Empire is taken over by Italy as Italian Ethiopia after the Second Italo-Abyssinian War
November 25 — The East Hebei Autonomous Council is created in China after the invasion of East Hebei by Japan
November 15 — The U.S. territory of the Philippines becomes a semi-independent Commonwealth of the Philippines
November 3 — The Hellenic Republic is renamed the Kingdom of Greece after a coup d'état, which restored the monarchy
April 1 — The Territory of the Saar Basin is taken over by Nazi Germany
March 26 — Jarvis Island is transferred from the United Kingdom to the United States
March 21 — The Imperial State of Persia is renamed the Imperial State of Iran
October 15 — The Chinese Soviet Republic is taken back over by the Republic of China
October 7 — The Catalan State is taken back over by Spain
October 6 — The Catalan State declares independence from Spain
March 1 — The State of Manchuria is renamed the Great Empire of Manchuria
February 6 — The Turkish Islamic Republic of East Turkestan is taken back over by the Republic of China
January 1 — The three Italian provinces of Cyrenaica, Tripolitania and Fezzan become united into the colony of Libya
November 12 — The Turkish Islamic Republic of East Turkestan
June 13 — The United Kingdom cedes Enderby Land and Victoria Land to Australia as the Australian Antarctic Territory
April 5 — Eric the Red's Land is ceded back to Denmark in Greenland
March 23 — The German Reich has a regime change, and Nazi Germany takes over, under the same name
October 3 — Independence of the British Mandate of Mesopotamia from the United Kingdom as the Kingdom of Iraq
September 23 — The personal union of the Kingdom of Nejd and Hejaz unify to form the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
September 13 — The Socialist Republic of Chile is put back in control by the Republic of Chile
June 4 — The Republic of Chile falls, and the Socialist Republic of Chile takes over
February 18 — Japan takes over northern China, and creates the State of Manchuria
November 7 — The Chinese Soviet Republic is established by the Communist Party of China, in China as independent
July 10 — Norway claims territory on eastern Greenland as Erik the Red's Land
June 12 — The Australian territories of North Australia and Central Australia merge to form the Northern Territory
April 28 — The Catalan Republic is taken back over by Spain
April 14
The Kingdom of Spain is renamed the Spanish Republic after a government change
After a government change of Spain, the Catalan Republic declares independence from Spain
January 28 — France officially annexes Isla de la Pasión as Clipperton Island
January 15 — The Belgian concession of Tientsin
October — The Kingdom of Afghanistan is reestablished from the Emirate of Afghanistan
June 3 — Tacna returned to Peru by Chile
February 11 — Independence of the State of the Vatican City from Italy
February 2 — Norway claims Peter I Island
January 6 — The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes is renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia
January — The Emirate of Afghanistan is reestablished from the Kingdom of Afghanistan
September 1 — The Albanian Republic is renamed the Albanian Kingdom due to a government change
October 28 — The independence of the Republic of Ararat is declared from Turkey
May 9 — The capital of Australia is moved from Melbourne to Canberra
April 12 — The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland is renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland due to the Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927
January 29 — Within the Nejd and Hejaz, the Sultanate of Nejd is renamed the Kingdom of Nejd and its Dependencies
In French Syria, the State of Souaida is renamed the Jabal Druze State
June 30 - Oltre Giuba is incorporated into Italian Somaliland.
May 27 - Rif Republic is dissolved by Spanish and French occupation forces in Morocco.
December 6 - Britain adjusts the Egyptian border in favor of Italian Libya, giving it the Jarabub and Kufra oases.
June 29 - Britain transfers control of northern Jubaland to Italy, becoming the Italian colony of Oltre Giuba.
January 1 — In Norway, the capital Kristiania is renamed Oslo.
October 29 — The declaration of the Republic of Turkey that replaced the Ottoman Empire
October 13 — The capital of Turkey is moved from Istanbul to Ankara
December 28 — Creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
December 6 — Independence of the Irish Free State from the United Kingdom.
October — End of Far Eastern Republic
February 28 — Independence of Egypt from the United Kingdom
October 13 — Treaty of Kars:
Turkey relinquishes claims to Armenia
Turkey gains the area around Kars and southern Achara
October 13 — Niger established as a separate colony
October 12 — Upper Silesia divided between Poland and Germany
September 18 - Short-lived and unrecognized Rif Republic declared in Spanish Morocco.
August 14 - Tuvan People's Republic established as a Soviet satellite state.
June 1 — France reorganizes French West Africa, colony of Mauritania established
March 18 — Peace of Riga - new borders between Poland and Soviet Russia, Soviet Ukraine and Soviet Belarus defined.
July 9 — Denmark officially incorporates northern Schleswig following plebiscite earlier in the year
June 4 — Treaty of Trianon signed by Hungary:
Union of Transylvania and parts of Banat, Crişana, Szatmár and Maramureş with the Kingdom of Romania (declared on December 1, 1918) recognized
Czechoslovakia recognized
Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and Banat, Bačka and Baranja recognized
Late April — Western Thrace is granted to Greece by the Entente
April 6 — Establishment of Far Eastern Republic with capital at Chita
February 2 — The Estonian War of Independence end with the Treaty of Tartu, which awards areas around Ivangorod (Jaanilinn) and Pechory (Petseri) from Soviet Russia to Estonia
January 10 — The United Kingdom officially takes over administration of German East Africa and changes name to Tanganyika
November 27 — Bulgaria signs the Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine:
Western Thrace is ceded to the Entente
The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes is recognized and a small amount of land along the western border is ceded to it
Dobruja is given to Romania
September 25 — Spitsbergen awarded to Norway
September 12 - Bonin-Pichon agreement transfers two desert strips from French control to Italian Libya.
September 10 — Austria signs Treaty of Saint Germain:
Cedes Eastern Galicia to Poland
Cedes South Tyrol, Trentino, Trieste and Istria to Italy
Recognizes the independence of Hungary, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes
August 11 – Germany adopts the Weimar Constitution, establishing the Weimar Republic (retaining the name Deutsches Reich)
August 8 — The United Kingdom acknowledges the complete independence of Afghanistan
July 10 — France and the United Kingdom agree on frontier between their mandates in the Cameroons
June 28 — The Treaty of Versailles and Little Treaty of Versailles:
Eupen-Malmedy and Neutral Moresnet ceded to Belgium
Alsace-Lorraine officially ceded to France
Second Polish Republic is established in place of the puppet Kingdom of Poland. Most of Posen and West Prussia ceded to Poland by Germany.
Memel and Saarland under international administration
Provides for plebiscites in Schleswig and Upper Silesia
Danzig and surrounding area becomes a semi-autonomous city-state under the name Free City of Danzig, administered by the League of Nations
May 30 — Ruanda and Urundi (minus Kisaka district) assigned to Belgium as a mandate
May 7 — German New Guinea and the Bismarck Archipelago assigned to Australia as a mandate
May 7 — German Southwest Africa assigned to South Africa as a mandate
May 7 — German Samoa assigned to New Zealand as a mandate
May 7 — German Northern Pacific islands assigned to Japan as a mandate
May 7 — Nauru assigned to British Empire (eventually UK, Australia, and NZ) as a mandate
May 6 — Kionga Triangle assigned to Portugal as a mandate
May 6 — Kamerun and Togoland assigned to France and the United Kingdom as mandates
May 1 — End of Soviet republic in Bavaria
April 19 — Polish occupation of Vilna, disputed by the Lithuanians
April 4 — Soviet republic established in Bavaria
March 1 — French West Africa reorganized, with Upper Volta as a separate colony
February 1 — The Soviet puppet state Commune of the Working People of Estonia loses all territory to the Republic of Estonia
December 1 — The Kingdom of Serbia is united with the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs to form the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
November 29 — The puppet state Commune of the Working People of Estonia is established in Soviet-occupied Estonia
November 26 — The Podgorica Assembly votes to depose King Nicholas I and merge the Kingdom of Montenegro with Kingdom of Serbia under the Serbian King
November 25 — Vojvodna, formerly part of Austria-Hungary, unites with the Kingdom of Serbia
November 18 — Independence of Latvia from Russia
November 15 — Serbian military invasion of the short-lived Banat Republic, Banat divided between the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes and Romania
November 12 — Republic of German-Austria (unrecognized) declared
November 1
Declaration of the short-lived Banat Republic
Independence of Yemen from the Ottoman Empire
Declaration of the short-lived West Ukrainian People's Republic
October 31 — The Hungarian government terminates its union with Austria, dissolving Austria-Hungary
October 29 — The State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs declares independence from Austria-Hungary
October 28 — The Republic of Czechoslovakia declares independence from Austria-Hungary
March 25 — Independence of Belarus
March 3 — The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk creates many new states out of the western Russian Empire
February 24 — The Autonomous Governorate of Estonia declares independence from the Russian Empire as the Republic of Estonia.
February 16 — Independence of Lithuania from the Russian Empire
January 22 — Independence of Ukraine from the Russian Empire
January 3 — Independence of Finland from the Russian Empire
April 12 — The Autonomous Governorate of Estonia is created from the Governorate of Estonia and some of the Governorate of Livonia of the Russian Empire.
March 31 — The United States takes possession of the United States Virgin Islands (Danish West Indies) according to the terms of the Treaty of the Danish West Indies.
November 15 — Germany and Austria-Hungary create a puppet Kingdom of Poland from the territory of Congress Poland taken from the Russian Empire
April 17 - Tannu Uriankhai is officially made a protectorate of Russia.
August 10 and September 23: The Treaty of Bucharest and the Treaty of Constantinople at the end of the Second Balkan War set out the following land changes in the Balkans:
The Ottoman Empire regains the portions of Eastern Thrace it lost in the First Balkan War
Albania gains southern, eastern, and northern lands that bring it to its current borders.
Bulgaria gains Western Thrace and the southern portions of what are now Blagoevgrad Province and Burgas Province
Romania gains Southern Dobruja.
Montenegro gains most of what is now its Northern Region
Serbia gains Kosovo, most of what is now the Republic of Macedonia, and some new land to the west of its previous borders.
Greece gains Epirus, West Macedonia, Central Macedonia, and most of the islands in the Aegean that it did not control before the war.
May 30: End of the First Balkan War:
The Balkan League gain all Ottoman territory west of a line joining Enez and Kıyıköy (thus the Ottomans lose all their European territory, except for what is roughly the southeastern half of Turkey's present-day European territory).
Albania becomes officially independent, though a large portion of its lands are disputed
Much of the Ottoman territory gained by the Balkan League is disputed between Serbia and Greece or Bulgaria and Greece, and official borders for the new territories would not be set until the end of the Second Balkan War.
February 13 — Tibet declares independence from the Republic of China
November 28 — Albania declares independence from the Ottoman Empire.
November 27 - Treaty Between France and Spain Regarding Morocco assigns the northern and southern strips of Morocco to Spain.
March 30 - Treaty of Fez makes Morocco formally a French Protectorate.
December 29 — Mongolia declares independence from Qing China, along with Tannu Uriankhai
November 4 - Germany acquires the Neukamerun region from France, in exchange for dropping German claims in Morocco, in the "Morocco–Congo Treaty"
August 22 — Japan formally annexes Korea (de facto controlled as a 'Protectorate' since 1905)
May 31 - Union of South Africa is formed as a British Dominion, by the union of four colonies: Cape Colony, Natal Colony, Transvaal Colony and Orange River Colony.
April — the 1878 Treaty of Berlin is amended, recognizing Austria-Hungary's annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
March 10 - Siam (Thailand) transfers its southernmost provinces to British Malaya in the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909.
October 18 - Belgium annexes the Congo Free State as the Belgian Congo
October 6 — Austria-Hungary formally annexes the Ottoman Vilayet of Bosnia (under de facto Austro-Hungarian rule since the Treaty of Berlin 1878) as the Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina (causing the Bosnian crisis)
October 5 — Formal independence of Bulgaria from the Ottoman Empire is declared (already de facto independent since 1878).
September 26 — Independence of New Zealand from the United Kingdom
April 24 - Vásquez Cobo–Martins treaty, Colombia concedes area of Amazon jungle to Brazil
March 23 - Siam concedes more territory to French Indochina in exchange for Trat.
Union between Sweden and Norway dissolved:
October 26 — Sweden recognizes Norway as an independent country
June 7 — Norway's parliament declares independence
September 5 — Treaty of Portsmouth:
Liaodong Peninsula and Russian railway in south Manchuria leased to Japan
Japan annexes Sakhalin Island south of 50°N
October 4 - Franco-Spanish Convention of Paris acknowledges formal Spanish control of Saguia el-Hamra (later northern Spanish Sahara)
February 13 - Franco Siamese Convention, Siam concedes border territories to French Indochina in exchange for French-occupied Chantaburi.
November 17 — Acre is ceded by Bolivia to Brazil
November 3 — Independence of Panama from Colombia
May 12 - France declares a protectorate over Mauritania.
November 20 - British king Edward VII adjusts border in Cordillera of the Andes Boundary Case 1902 (Argentina, Chile).
May 31 - Treaty of Vereeniging; Boer states South African Republic and Orange Free State become, respectively, British Transvaal Colony and Orange River Colony.
May 20 — Independence of Cuba from the United States
January 1 — The British colonies of New South Wales, Tasmania, Western Australia, South Australia, Victoria, and Queensland federate to form the Commonwealth of Australia
1891 - Pratap Singh defeats the ruler of Chitral and forces Hunza and Nagar to accept the suzerainty of Kashmir and Jammu state.
August 12 — Republic of Hawaii becomes a territory of the United States of America
The United States of America gains the following territories from the Spanish Empire: Puerto Rico, the Philippines, Guam and Cuba
The capital of Honduras is moved from Comayagua to Tegucigalpa
The United States of Colombia become the Republic of Colombia
October 18 — Argentina ends the conquest campaign of Eastern Patagonia, subduing the remaining Amerindian resistance (modern Provinces of Chubut and Santa Cruz)
April 4 — Truce between Chile and Bolivia concluding the War of the Pacific:
Chile gains Antofagasta (made permanent in 1904)
The Greenwich prime meridian becomes the international standard reference for cartographers
German South-West Africa created
German East Africa created
Togo created
Cameroon created
October 20 — Treaty of Ancón between Chile and Peru at the end of the War of the Pacific:
Chile gains Tarapacá, Arica, and Tacna
Argentina incorpores the Patagonian lands of modern Neuquén Province, until the Limay River
July 23 — Chile and Argentina establish boundaries along the highest peaks of the Andes, as well as its maritime borders and the status of the Strait of Magellan
March 15 — Romania is raised to a Kingdom
Tunisia becomes a French protectorate
The Argentine campaign to take control of Patagonic territories start. By the end of 1879 Argentina's control would go as far as the Negro River (modern Provinces of Río Negro and La Pampa, as well as southern Mendoza, San Luis, Córdoba and Buenos Aires Provinces)
July 13 — The Treaty of Berlin, an amended form of the Treaty of San Stefano recognized by the Great Powers:
The Principality of Bulgaria is shrunk significantly
Eastern Rumelia is created as an autonomous province of the Ottoman Empire
Austro-Hungarian occupation of the Vilayet of Bosnia (Bosnia and Herzegovina) is recognized; De facto under Austro-Hungarian rule.
The Ottoman Empire cedes Thessaly and small parts of Epirus to Greece
Alashkerd and Bayazid are returned to the Ottoman Empire
March 16 — The island of Saint Barthélemy in the Caribbean, which has been a Swedish colony acquired from France since 1784, is returned from Swedish to French rule.
March 3 — The Treaty of San Stefano between the Ottoman and Russian Empires (not recognized by other Great Powers):
The Principality of Bulgaria (Greater Bulgaria) is created as a de facto independent state under nominally Ottoman sovereignty
The Ottoman Empire recognizes Montenegro and cedes it territory including Nikšić, Podgorica and Antivari
Serbia gains independence and annexes Niš and Leskovac
The Ottoman Empire recognizes Romanian independence
Russia cedes Northern Dobruja to Romania (ceded to Russia by the Ottoman Empire)
Romania cedes Southern Bessarabia to Russia
The Ottoman Empire cedes Armenian and Georgian territories in the Caucasus to Russia, including Ardahan, Artvin, Batum, Kars, Olti, Beyazit, and Alashkert.
The Vilayet of Bosnia becomes an autonomous province
Crete, Epirus and Thessaly receive limited self-government
February 3 — Limits between Paraguay and Argentina are established, following the Paraguayan War. Argentina is awarded the Central Chaco (current Formosa Province) and some territories in Misiones
May 7 — Treaty of Saint Petersburg:
Japan cedes southern Sakhalin Island to Russia in exchange for the Kuril Islands north of Iturup
July 1 — Prince Edward Island joins Canada
January 1 — The Hungarian cities of Buda, Pest and Óbuda are united as Budapest, the new capital
The capital of Jamaica is moved from Spanish Town to Kingston
January 9 — Limits between Paraguay and the Brazilian Empire are established, following the Paraguayan War. Brazil enlarged its Mato Grosso region
May 10 — Germany annexes Moselle and most of Alsace from France following the Franco-Prussian War, which becomes the Imperial Territory of Alsace-Lorraine
January 18 — Unification of Germany (German Empire)
July 20 — British Columbia joins Canada
Rome replaces Florence as the capital city of Italy
September 20 — Italy annexes the area around Rome, ending the Papal States, succeeded by the States of the Church
July 15 — Hudson's Bay Company transfers North-Western Territory to Canada
In Japan, the city of Edo becomes the new capital and is renamed Tokyo
October 18 — The United States of America purchases Alaska from Russia
July 1 — Canada becomes independent, with originally only four provinces
May 29 — The Austrian Empire becomes Austria-Hungary
October 22 — Italy annexes the Kingdom of Venetia
August 6 — The Colony of Vancouver Island and Colony of British Columbia are merged into the United Colonies of Vancouver Island and British Columbia
April 9 — American Civil War ends, and the Confederate States of America reintegrates into the United States of America
Florence replaces Turin as the capital city of Italy
May 21 – Britain transfers the Ionian Islands to Greece
July 6 — The Northern Territory is annexed by the British colony of South Australia from the colony of New South Wales
May 8 — The Granadine Confederation becomes the United States of Colombia
April 12 — The British colony of Queensland's western border is shifted from 141°E to 138°E
September 17 — After the Battle of Pavón the Capital city of Argentina is moved to Buenos Aires
May 20 - North Carolina secedes from the United States of America
May 7 - Tennessee secedes from the United States of America
May 6 - Arkansas secedes from the United States of America
April 17 - Virginia secedes from the United States of America
March 17 — The Kingdom of Italy is proclaimed in place of the Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont
February 13 — Gaeta surrenders to Sardinia-Piedmont
February 4 — The unrecognized Confederate States of America secedes from the United States
February 1 - Texas secedes from the United States of America
January 26 - Louisiana secedes from the United States of America
January 19 - Georgia secedes from the United States of America
January 11 - Alabama secedes from the United States of America
January 10 - Florida secedes from the United States of America
January 9 - Mississippi secedes from the United States of America
December 20 - South Carolina secedes from the United States of America
November 4 — Sardinia-Piedmont annexes the Papal States of Umbria and The Marches
October 21 — The Kingdom of Two Sicilies is annexed to Sardinia-Piedmont, except for the Fortress of Gaeta
October 8 — The Argentine Nation becomes the Argentine Republic
Treaty of Turin. Due to plebiscites in Savoy and Nice:
June 14 — France annexes the Duchy of Savoy
June 12 — France annexes the County of Nice
March 22 — The United Provinces of Central Italy are annexed by Sardinia-Piedmont
The British colony of South Australia's western border is changed from 132°E to 129°E
Kashmir and Jammu annexes Gilgit
December 8 — The Duchy of Parma, the Duchy of Modena and Reggio, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, and the Papal Legations combine to form the Sardinian client state of the United Provinces of Central Italy
November 11 — After the Battle of Cepeda, the State of Buenos Aires rejoins the Argentine Confederation
November 10 — Treaty of Zürich:
Austria cedes Lombardy from Lombardy-Venetia to France
France immediately cedes Lombardy to Sardinia-Piedmont
June 6 — Queen Victoria signs the Proclamation separating the colony of Queensland from British New South Wales
August 2 — The continental portion of Canada's part of Oregon Country organized as the Colony of British Columbia
May 28 — Qing dynasty China cedes Outer Manchuria to the Russian Empire by the Treaty of Aigun
May 22 — The Republic of New Granada becomes the Granadine Confederation
January 1 — The British colony Van Diemen's Land changes its name to Tasmania
February 7 — Treaty of Shimoda:
Russians in north of Sakhalin Island, Japanese in south, with no defined border between
Russia recognizes Japanese sovereignty of the Kuril Islands from Iturup on southwards
June 24 — The Gadsden Purchase gives a portion of southern Arizona and New Mexico from Mexico to the United States
May 1 — The Argentine Confederation becomes a Federal Republic, renamed the Argentine Nation
September 11 — The State of Buenos Aires secedes from the Argentine Confederation
February 3 — The Battle of Caseros ends the Argentine Civil War. Entre Ríos and Corrientes rejoin the Argentine Confederation. The Capital city is moved to Paraná
July 1 — The colony of Victoria is split off from the British colony of New South Wales
May 1 — The Argentine Provinces of Entre Ríos and Corrientes secede from the Argentine Confederation
July 2 — The Papal States are restored as Rome falls
March 29 - The Sikh Empire falls after the Sikh defeat in Anglo-Sikh wars and is merged in British India
February 9 — Rebels under Giuseppe Garibaldi take over the area of the Papal States and create the Roman Republic
February 2 — Much of the Mexican Cession is ceded by Mexico to the United States
July 26 — Americo-Liberian settlers declare the independence of the Republic of Liberia
The princely state of Kashmir and Jammu, ruled by the Dogra Dynasty, is created after the first Anglo-Sikh war, as per the Treaty of Amritsar.
November 28 — The British colony of North Australia is reincorporated back into the colony of New South Wales
June 18 — The Oregon Treaty establishes the 49th parallel north west of the Lake of the Woods as the continental border between the Province of Canada and the United States.
February 19 — The Republic of Texas is officially incorporated into the United States of America
February 17 — The colony of North Australia is separated from the British colony of New South Wales
February 27 — Independence of the Dominican Republic from Haiti
November 16 — The colony of New Zealand is separated from the British colony of New South Wales
October 17 — The capital of the Republic of Texas is moved from Houston to Austin
August 25 — Peru-Bolivian Confederation officially dissolved
April 19 — The Treaty of London recognizes Belgium as an independent and neutral country
November 5 — Costa Rica, Honduras, and Nicaragua secede from the Federal Republic of Central America
December 28 — The colony of South Australia is separated from the British colony of New South Wales
October 28 — Peru-Bolivian Confederation proclaimed, with its capital at Tacna
August 11 — North Peru proclaimed
March 17 — South Peru proclaimed
March 2 — The Republic of Texas declares independence from Mexico
January 2 — The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland takes over the Falkland Islands from the Argentine Confederation
The Unitarian League is dissolved and its members join the Argentine Confederation
The British Swan River Colony in Australia changes its name to Western Australia
May — The London Conference of 1832 establishes the Kingdom of Greece under Bavarian prince Otto
January 4 — The Federal Pact establishes the Argentine Confederation and fights the Unitarian League
The Unitarian League is created among various Provinces of Argentina
October 20 — Colombia becomes the Republic of New Granada
October 4 — Belgium declares independence from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, and full recognition will follow in 1839
May 13 — Secession of Ecuador and Venezuela from Gran Colombia
February 3 — Greece is recognized as an independent sovereign state in the London Protocol
The British Swan River Colony is established in the west of Australia
August 27 — Uruguay is recognized as an independent country in the Treaty of Montevideo, following the Cisplatine War. Misiones Orientales are awarded to Brazil
August 17 — The Argentine Republic is dissolved. The Argentine Provinces resume their sovereignty delegating the Foreign affairs on the Province of Buenos Aires
The Argentine Republic is proclaimed
December 3 — Van Diemen's Land is declared a separate British colony to New South Wales
August 25 — Rebel Uruguayan forces siege Montevideo and claim independence from the Brazilian Empire, asking to rejoin the United Provinces of South America. The Cisplatine War ensues
July 16 — The border of the British colony of New South Wales is extended from 133°E to 129°E
December 9 — The Battle of Ayacucho end the Spanish American wars of independence in South America
August 6 — Bolivia declares independence from Spain, and refuses to join either Peru or the United Provinces of South America
July — The Federal Republic of Central America is created from Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua
September 7 — The Brazilian Empire declares independence from the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves
November 28 Independence Panama from Spain
September 28 — The First Mexican Empire is established
September 21 — Independence of Costa Rica from Spain
September 15 — Independence of El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua from Spain
August 24 — Mexico is recognized as an independent country in the Treaty of Córdoba
July 28 — Peru declares independence from Spain
March 25 — Greece declares independence from the Ottoman Empire
Alaska Boundary Dispute with Russia and Great Britain begin
February 1 — Federal League Provinces of Entre Ríos and Santa Fe defeat the central government of the United Provinces of South America. The Federal League is dissolved and the Argentine Provinces resume their sovereignty, delegating the Foreign affairs on the Province of Buenos Aires
December 17 — Gran Colombia is established from the previous Second Republic of Venezuela, United Provinces of New Granada, and the Presidency of Quito
August 7 — The Battle of Boyacá leads to the full independence of the United Provinces of New Granada
April 5 — The Battle of Maipú secures Chilean independence from Spain
February 12 — Chilean Declaration of Independence from Spain
January 20 — The Eastern Bank of the Uruguay River (modern-day Uruguay) is annexed by the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves, and renamed Cisplatina in 1824
July 9 — The United Provinces of South America (now Argentina) declare independence from Spain
May 6 — Spanish reconquest of New Granada ends the early Colombian independent governments
June 29 — The Federal League (including modern-day Uruguay and several Argentine Provinces) is established
June 9 — The Congress of Vienna
The Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia is formed from the Milanese and Venetian portions of the Kingdom of Italy and becomes a crown land of the Austrian Empire
Austria gains the territory of the former Republic of Ragusa
Grand Duchy of Tuscany is re-established and is given Piombino
The Duchy of Lucca is created in place of the former Republic of Lucca
The Duchy of Warsaw is partitioned into the Grand Duchy of Posen (Prussia), Congress Poland (Russia) and the Free City of Kraków (jointly controlled by Prussia, Russia, and Austria)
Prussia is awarded Danzig, much of the Kingdom of Saxony, Westphalia and the Rhineland.
The German Confederation is established
The United Kingdom of the Netherlands is created from the former Dutch Republic and Austrian Netherlands, with Luxembourg in a personal union.
Swedish Pomerania is ceded to Prussia.
The Duchy of Lauenburg is ceded by Hanover to Denmark
Hanover becomes a Kingdom annexes the former territories of the Bishop of Münster and East Frisia
Bavaria gains the Palatinate and parts of the Duchy of Würzburg and Grand Duchy of Frankfurt
Hesse-Darmstadt gains Rhenish Hesse
British control of various colonies, including the Cape Colony, Tobago, and Ceylon, is recognized
The United States of the Ionian Islands is formed as a British protectorate
March 16 - The Sovereign Princedom of the Netherlands changes its name to the Kingdom of the Netherlands
The capital of Bermuda is moved from St George to Hamilton
November 4 — Norway accepts a personal union with Sweden with the king of Sweden also becoming king of Norway.
October 2 — The Battle of Rancagua marks the end of the early Chilean independent governments.
May 17 — Norway declares full independence, electing its own king and adopting its own constitution.
April 11 — Napoleon abdicates from the Italian throne, effectively dissolving the Kingdom.
March 29 — The Netherlands are reestablished from France as the Sovereign Princedom of the Netherlands.
January 14 — Denmark cedes Norway to Sweden through the peace of Kiel.
Various Italian states are reinstated, including the Duchy of Modena and Reggio and the Papal States.
The Kingdom of Sardinia reclaims its mainland territory and annexes the land of the former Republic of Genoa. (Ratified by the Congress of Vienna in 1815.)
December 11 — The Treaty of Valençay ends formally the Peninsular War, with the restoration of Ferdinand VII of Spain and releasing the country from being a client state of the Napoleonic French Empire.
November 4 — Dissolution of the Confederation of the Rhine declared by the Allies
August 7 — The Second Republic of Venezuela is declared
July 28 — The First Republic of Venezuela is crushed by the Spanish Empire
May 28 — The eastern portion of the Principality of Moldavia (Bessarabia) is ceded to the Russian Empire by the Ottoman Empire in the Treaty of Bucharest
January 26 — France annexes Catalonia from Spain, creating the départements of Bouches-de-l'Èbre, Montserrat, Sègre and Ter. Andorra is also annexed and incorporated into the département of Sègre.
November 27 — The United Provinces of New Granada (modern Colombia) are established
July 5 — Venezuela declares independence from Spain
May 14 — Independence of Paraguay from Spain
December 13 — France annexes northern Germany (Hamburg, Bremen, Lübeck, Salm, Arenberg, Oldenburg, parts of Westphalia and Berg)
September 18 — The first independent government in Chile is established, starting the Chilean War of Independence from Spain
September 16 — The independentist Grito de Dolores in Dolores, Mexico, starts the Mexican War of Independence
July 20 — After similar events in numerous cities of the Spanish Viceroyalty of New Granada, independence is declared in the Capital city, Santa Fe de Bogotá (modern Colombia)
July 9 — France annexes Holland
May 25 — The May Revolution establishes the United Provinces of the River Plate over the former Spanish Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, starting the Argentine War of Independence
May 22 — By the terms of the Treaty of Paris, the Principality of Regensburg is formally incorporated into the Kingdom of Bavaria
April 19 — The First Republic of Venezuela is established, starting the Venezuelan War of Independence from Spain
The Rhodanic Republic is annexed by France and becomes the département of Simplon
October 14 — Austria signs the Treaty of Schönbrunn:
Salzburg is ceded to Bavaria
West Galicia is ceded to the Duchy of Warsaw,
Tarnopol is ceded to the Russian Empire
Trieste and Croatia south of the Sava are ceded to France; these become the Illyrian provinces
September 17 — Sweden officially cedes Finland to Russia through the peace of Hamina
March 29 — The Russian Tsar is declared Grand-duke of Finland, effectively separating Finland from Sweden and turning it into a Russian autonomous duchy
Napoleon dissolves the Teutonic Knights; their lands are redistributed between neighboring states of the Holy Roman Empire, mostly to Württemberg.
Spain becomes a client state of the First French Empire after the country was partially occupied by French forces and Joseph I set as king by Napoleon.
July — Napoleon creates the Duchy of Warsaw from land ceded by the Kingdom of Prussia by the Treaties of Tilsit
August 6 — Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire
July 12 — Creation of the Confederation of the Rhine
July — France annexes the Principality of Piombino and the Republic of Lucca and reconstitutes them as the Principality of Lucca and Piombino
Austrian Empire is formed from the lands of the Habsburg Monarchy by proclamation of Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor/Francis I of Austria
January 1 — Independence of Haiti from France
The United States of America negotiates the Louisiana Purchase with France, by which the French territory of Louisiane is placed under American sovereignty
27 April — As a result of the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss, all but three (Archbishopric of Regensburg, and the lands of the Teutonic Knights and Knights of Saint John) ecclesiastical states of the Holy Roman Empire are either secularized or annexed by other states. The Duchy of Salzburg (formerly the Archbishopric of Salzburg) is also raised to an electorate.
February 19 — The Act of Mediation converts the Helvetic Republic into the Swiss Confederation
Napoleon separates the Canton of Valais from the Helvetic Republic to form the Rhodanic Republic
Spain annexes Olivenza from Portugal
October 1 — After a secretly negotiated treaty between France and Spain, Spain returns the colony of Louisiana to France
January 1 — The Kingdom of Great Britain is united with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
February 17 — The French département of Mont-Terrible is merged into the département of Haut-Rhin
July 7 — Establishment of the Sikh Empire after capture of Lahore by Maharaja Ranjit Singh and unification of the Sikh Confederacy under him.
April 12 — The Napoleonic Helvetic Republic is declared
January 4 — France annexes Mulhouse
October 18 — The Treaty of Campo Formio is signed by French and Austrian leaders.
The Austrian Netherlands and various Mediterranean islands, including Corfu, are ceded to France.
The Republic of Venice is dissolved. Venetia (the eastern portion of Domini di Terraferma, roughly modern Veneto and Friuli-Venezia Giulia), Istria and Dalmatia are annexed by Austria
Austria recognizes the Cisalpine Republic and Ligurian Republic
The Kingdom of Italy is recognized as defunct and all subordinate territories are formally released from the Holy Roman Empire
October 24 — Third partition of Poland
France annexes Southern Netherlands
June 25 — Avignon is transferred from the Papal States to France
March 23 — The Rauracian Republic is annexed by France to form the département of Mont-Terrible
March 2 — France annexes the Principality of Salm-Salm
December 17 — Most of the Prince-Bishopric of Basel becomes the Napoleonic Rauracian Republic, retaining only Schliengen
January 23 — Second partition of Poland
March 4 — Vermont is admitted to the United States of America
January 26 — British colony of New South Wales is established
1 July — King Gustav III of Sweden acquires the island of Saint Barthélemy in the Caribbean from France. It becomes a Swedish colony for nearly a century, until it is sold back to France in 1878.
Russian seafarer and merchant Grigory Ivanovich Shelikhov arrives in Three Saints Bay in Alaska
September 3 — The independence of the United States of America is recognized by Britain in the Treaty of Paris
January 20 - Great Britain surrenders East Florida and West Florida to Spain
April 19 [O.S. April 8] — The Crimean Khanate is annexed by the Russian Empire and incorporated as the Taurida Governorate
July 4 — The United States of America declares its independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain
August 5 — First partition of Poland
May 15 — Genoa sells to France its rights to Corsica
February 10 — The Treaty of Paris creates a number of territory transfers between Great Britain, France, and Spain. New France (Canada) now belongs to the British.
The capital of the colony of Brazil is moved from Salvador to Rio de Janeiro
The Louisiana Territory is transferred from France to Spain in the Treaty of Fontainebleau
The Zunghar Khanate is annexed by Qing Dynasty China.
Georgia becomes a colony of British North America
September 21 — Through the Treaty of Strömstad, the border between Sweden and Norway is finally settled, from the beginning of the land border in Iddefjord until Norway's border on Russia at Varanger (since Finland was part of Sweden at this time, the border between the two countries continued beyond the present end point of the border between Norway and Sweden).
Safavid Empire collapses
October — The Durrani Empire is founded near Kandahar on a Loya jirga, when Ahmad Shah Abdali is chosen as the king of the newly independent empire. He is later regarded as the founder of modern Afghanistan.
Prussia annexes Silesia from Austria
September 18 — Treaty of Belgrade
The Habsburg Monarchy cedes the Kingdom of Serbia, the southern part of the Banat of Temeswar and northern Bosnia to the Ottoman Empire
The Habsburg Monarchy cedes Oltenia to Wallachia (an Ottoman vassal)
January 1 — Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier discovers Bouvet Island in the South Atlantic Ocean
North Carolina and South Carolina become royal colonies, due to the division of the Province of Carolina
On Greenland (then part of Denmark-Norway), Hans Egede founds the colony of Godthåb
October 22 — Peter the Great proclaims the Tsardom of Russia an Empire
August 30 — Swedish Estonia, Ingria, Livonia, and most of Karelia is ceded by Sweden to the Tsardom of Russia according to the terms of the Treaty of Nystad.
January 21 — Sweden cedes the portion of Swedish Pomerania south of the Peene and east of the Peenestrom to Prussia
November 9 — Sweden cedes Bremen-Verden to the Electorate of Hanover
July 21 — Treaty of Passarowitz:
The Ottoman Empire cede the Banat, southeastern Syrmia, central Serbia, part of northern Bosnia and Lesser Wallachia (Oltenia) to the Habsburg Monarchy
The Kingdom of Serbia is established as a Habsburg crown land
The Banat of Temeswar is established as a Habsburg crown land
Venice return Morea (gained by the Treaty of Karlowitz) and its Cretan holdings to the Ottomans.
The Ottoman Empire cede parts of Dalmatia (Imotski, Sinj, and Vrgorac).
November 28 — Kingdom of Castile integrates the Kingdom of Majorca, the last part of the Crown of Aragon, through invasion
September 11 — Fall of the Crown of Aragon invaded by Kingdom of Castile marked by the invasion of the City of Barcelona (Siege of Barcelona). Creation of a unified Kingdom of Spain through the Nueva Planta decrees.
September 7 — The Duchy of Milan is ceded to the Habsburg Monarchy
Gibraltar passes from Spain to Great Britain
The Principality of Transylvania is integrated de jure into the Habsburg Monarchy as a crown land (Principality of Transylvania (1711–1867))
July 21 — The Russian Empire returns Azov to the Ottoman Empire by the Treaty of the Pruth
April 25 — Kingdom of Castile integrates the Kingdom of Valencia part of the Crown of Aragon through invasion (Battle of Almansa)
May 1 — The creation of the Kingdom of Great Britain through the Acts of Union
The Ottoman Empire cedes Azov to the Russian Empire by the Treaty of Constantinople
January 26 — Treaty of Karlowitz:
The Ottoman Empire cede the Eğri Eyalet, the Varat Eyalet, northern parts of the Temeşvar Eyalet, most of the Budin Eyalet and parts of the Bosnia Eyalet to the Habsburg Monarchy. This territory plus the Principality of Transylvania corresponds to most of the territory of mediaeval Hungary previously lost to the Ottomans (Ottoman Hungary).
The Principality of Transylvania, while nominally independent, comes de facto under Habsburg rule.
The Ottoman Empire return Podolia to Poland-Lithuania.
The Ottoman Empire cede the Morea and most of Dalmatia to the Republic of Venice.
New York becomes a royal colony
Robert de La Salle sails down the Mississippi River
Pennsylvania becomes a colony
New Jersey founded
Rhode Island becomes a colony
Connecticut becomes a British royal colony
Aurangzeb of the Mughal Empire gives the port of Bombay to the British
May 27 — The treaty of Copenhagen leads to Sweden returning Trøndelag to Norway and Bornholm to Denmark
May 3 — The Treaty of Oliva cedes Ruhnu Island in Estonia from the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth to Sweden
February 26 — Sweden gains in Danish-Norwegian regions of Blekinge, Bornholm, Bohuslän (Båhuslen), Scania (Skåne) and Trøndelag and the 30 year ownership of Halland is made permanent in the treaty of Roskilde
May 4 — The precise borders between Swedish Pomerania and Farther Pomerania (Brandenburg-Prussia) are determined in the Treaty of Stettin
The Netherlands, Switzerland, and many Italian city-states are made independent of the Holy Roman Empire
The Duchy of Pomerania is divided between Sweden (Swedish Pomerania) and Brandenburg-Prussia (Farther Pomerania), although the precise borders would not be determined until 1653
August 13 — Torstenson War ends with Second Treaty of Brömsebro. Sweden gains the Norwegian provinces of Jämtland and Härjedalen and Idre & Särna as well as the Danish Baltic Sea islands of Gotland and Ösel. The Danish province of Halland was also transferred for a period of 30 years.
December 1 — Portugal separates from personal union with Spain
Delaware founded
Maryland founded
Dutch purchase Manhattan
New Hampshire founded
Massachusetts founded
February 27 — In the treaty of Stolbovo Sweden gained the Russian province and fortress of Kexholm (Käkisalmi, now Priozersk) and the province of Ingria including the fortress of Nöteborg (now Shlisselburg, Russia)
Henry Hudson discovers Hudson Bay
Jamestown and Virginia Colony founded
January 17 — France gains Bresse, Bugey, and Gex from Savoy, and cedes Saluzzo to Savoy in exchange
Kuchum, Khan of Sibir is killed in battle with Russian forces, thus completing the Russian conquest of Siberia.
Willem Barentsz makes the first indisputable discovery of the Svalbard archipelago
Moroccans conquer Timbuktu
March 20 — Swedish Estonia is reorganized as the Duchy of Estonia.
July — Yermak Timofeyevich invades the territory of the Voguls, beginning the Russian conquest of Siberia.
Personal union of Spain and Portugal
The capital of Chile is moved from Concepción to Santiago
December 13 — The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth cedes Lääne County and Hiiumaa Island to Sweden.
July 1 — The Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania are united into the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth by the Union of Lublin
Denmark and Lithuania exchange some outlying territories of the former Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek and the Livonian Order
March 5 — The Livonian Order is incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania as the Duchy of Livonia.
June 15 — Northern Estonia pledges allegiance to Sweden and is annexed as Swedish Estonia.
The Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek in Western Estonia is sold to Denmark.
July 18 — Russia conquers the Bishopric of Dorpat in Estonia.
Francisco Pizzaro conquers the Inca
Malta is separated from the Kingdom of Sicily when it falls under the rule of the Order of Saint John
Babur of the Mughal Empire defeats the sultan of Delhi
Archduke Ferdinand of Austria is elected the next King of Bohemia and Hungary following the death of Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia, uniting the lands which would come to be known as the Habsburg Monarchy under a single ruler
Ferdinand Magellan circumnavigates the Earth
Hernán Cortés conquers the Aztecs
Juan Ponce de León claims Florida for Spain
Vasco Núñez de Balboa crosses the Isthmus of Panama
The Kingdom of Naples is ceded to the Crown of Aragon
May 20 — João da Nova discovers Ascension Island
22 April — Pedro Álvares Cabral arrives at Brazil
Safavids conquer Persia
20 May — Vasco da Gama discovers the sea route to India
May 3 — Christopher Columbus arrives at Xamayca
October 12 — Christopher Columbus arrives at America when he sights land in The Bahamas
January 2 — The combined forces of Castile and Aragon captured the Emirate of Granada, completing the Spain's Reconquista.
Bartolomeu Dias rounds the Cape of Good Hope
The Burgundian Netherlands are disestablished
France gains the County of Provence
Commenced the completion of the conquest of the Canary Islands by Catholic Monarchs' Spain.
The Kingdom of Scotland annexes Orkney and Shetland.
October 18 — The crowns of the Iberian Christian kingdoms of Castile and Aragon were united by the marriage of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon, the Catholic Monarchs.
May 29 — The Byzantine capital of Constantinople falls after an invasion by the Ottoman Empire, ending the Byzantine Empire
2 March 1444 — The Albanian Principalities are unified to form the Albanian Confederate of League of Lezhe.
Burgundy acquires the County of Hainaut
August 21 - The Conquest of Ceuta marks the beginning of the Portuguese Empire.
The Burgundian Netherlands are established
Liège annexes the County of Loon
Duke Rudolf IV of Austria has the Privilegium Maius forged, a set of documents which purports to elevate the Duchy of Austria to the status of "Archduchy". This status remains unrecognised.
Dauphiné sold to France
June 7 — The Teutonic Order gives the former Danish Estonia over to the Livonian Order
November 1 — Denmark sells and hands the Duchy of Estonia over to the Teutonic Order
King Magnus Eriksson of Sweden buys the county of Halland from Denmark.
The Crown of Aragon conquers Sardinia, creating the Kingdom of Sardinia
August 12 - The treaty of Nöteborg is signed between Sweden and Novgorod, resulting in the first true border regelation in Swedish Finland.
France gains the Counties of Valentinois and Diois
France gains the County of Vivarais
France gains Barrois mouvant (County of Bar west of Meuse River)
Ottoman Empire founded
March 10 - Sweden conquers the southeastern parts of Finland.
The Kingdom of Majorca becomes a vassal of the Crown of Aragon
Andorra granted independence from the Crown of Aragon
Kingdom of Majorca is split from the Crown of Aragon, which are inherited by different sons of James I of Aragon
February 1 — The Kingdom of Albania (medieval) established.
July 2 — Caithness and the territory of the Kingdom of the Isles (the Hebrides and Mann) is ceded to the Kingdom of Scotland by the Treaty of Perth
Mongol Empire splits
May 11 — The Treaty of Corbeil formally ends French feudal overlordship of the counties in the Spanish March and Catalonian counties in the March of Gothia
Mongols occupy Baghdad
The Crown of Aragon completes the reconquest of what would become the Kingdom of Valencia up to the limits agreed upon in the Treaty of Almizra
June 7 — The Livonian Order returns Danish Estonia to Denmark, but Järva County is ceded to the Livonian Order.
Sweden conquers central Finland.
May 12 — The Livonian Brothers of the Sword are incorporated into the Teutonic Order as the autonomous Livonian Order.
Mongols invade Northern Korea
Aragon conquers Ibiza, which becomes part of the Kingdom of Majorca
Aragon completes the Conquest of Majorca and Menorca, establishing the Kingdom of Majorca as part of the Crown of Aragon
Kingdom of Mali established
August — The Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek is established from the Western Estonian territory of the Bishopric of Livonia. Some of its land is ceded to the Livonian Brothers of the Sword.
February — The Livonian Brothers of the Sword subjugate the Estonians and conquer much of Danish Estonia.
August — The Bishopric of Estonia is renamed the Bishopric of Dorpat.
July 24 — The Bishopric of Estonia cedes some of its land in Southeastern Estonia to the Bishopric of Livonia.
July 21 — The Livonian Brothers of the Sword cede Southern Estonia to the Bishopric of Estonia. The bishopric returns some of the lands to the Sword Brothers.
Mongols defeat East Slavic warriors
July 15 — Denmark annexes the Northern Estonian counties of Harjumaa, Virumaa and Järvamaa as the Duchy of Estonia
The Principality of Wales is recognized in the Treaty of Worcester
Serbian kingdom established
The Principality of Wales is founded at the Council of Aberdyfi
The Livonian Brothers of the Sword establish first presence in Southern Estonia
Mongols capture much of China
The Kingdom of Deheubarth is disestablished
The Principality of Arbanon is established
The Viking Kingdom of Dublin is conquered by England
Alfonso II/I ascends to the thrones of the Kingdom of Aragon and the County of Barcelona, establishing the Crown of Aragon
King Erik den helige of Sweden leads the first crusade to Finland and incorporates it with Sweden.
Al-Idrisi creates an early world map named Tabula Rogeriana, which describes the Eurasian continent and the northern half of Africa
The County of Portugal declares independence from the Kingdom of León, as the Kingdom of Portugal.
December 25 — The Norman Kingdom of Sicily is established; the Duchy of Apulia and Calabria is disestablished
William Rufus, son of William the Conqueror, invades Cumberland (then part of Scotland) and incorporates it into England.
Noto, Sicily is conquered by the County of Sicily, ending the Muslim Emirate of Sicily
The Principality of Taranto is established
Muslim Almoravids conquer Ghana
The kingdoms of Pamplona and Aragon are reunited (in a personal union) under Sancho Ramírez, who styled himself "King of the Aragonians and Pamplonese". The two kingdoms are now de jure separate entities
Muslims conquer Syria
Palermo, the capital of the Emirate of Sicily is taken by the Normans. The Norman County of Sicily is established
England is conquered by William, Duke of Normandy, thus bringing England and the Duchy of Normandy into a personal union
The kingdoms of Castile and Galicia are split from the Kingdom of León
The Duchy of Limburg is established
Estonians reconquer Ugandi County from the Kievan Rus'
Messina, Sicily is captured from the Muslims by the Normans
The County of Apulia and Calabria is raised to a Duchy by the Pope
Kingdom of Aragon becomes de facto independent from the Kingdom of Pamplona
The Norman County of Apulia and Calabria is established
At some point between 1018 and 1054 the Kingdom of Strathclyde is conquered by Scotland
The territory that would come to be the Kingdom of Aragon is united under Ramiro I of Aragon
Kingdom of Arles is inherited by Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor and incorporated in the Holy Roman Empire.
Kievan Rus' conquers Ugandi County in Southeastern Estonia.
English (Northumbrian) land north of the Tweed is ceded to Scotland
December — King Stephen I of Hungary is crowned and begins the transformation of the early Hungarian state into the Christian Kingdom of Hungary. This is considered to be the official date of foundation of the country.
Gunnbjörn Ulfsson spots islands off the coast of Greenland. European discovery of the island itself is dated to the 980s, when explorers arrived from Iceland and Norway.
Leif Ericson discovers Newfoundland and establishes a short-lived colony at L'Anse aux Meadows.
Erik Segersäll becomes first king of Sweden
The Byzantine Empire establishes the theme of Lucania.
The Byzantine Empire establishes the Catepanate of Italy.
The Kalbids take the last remaining Byzantine territory in Sicily.
King Otto I of Germany and Italy has himself crowned Holy Roman Emperor by the Pope, thereby forming the Holy Roman Empire.
King Otto I of Germany invades the Kingdom of Italy (of which is wife Adelaide of Italy was already queen) and is crowned King.
Lower Lorraine is established
The Viking Kingdom of Jórvík (the Viking-ruled portion of the Kingdom Northumbria) is conquered by England, thus ending the Danelaw
The Kingdom of Nri is established
The first Emirs of Sicily, the Kalbids, are appointed, establishing the Emirate of Sicily
England re-takes the Five Boroughs of the Danelaw
Jórvík reoccupies the Five Boroughs of the Danelaw for the Danes
The Kingdom of Northumbria is conquered by Wessex, thus uniting all of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms under one ruler and forming what would come to be known as the Kingdom of England
The County of Aragon falls under the control of the Kingdom of Pamplona
The Kingdom of Seisyllwg unites with the Kingdom of Dyfed to form the Kingdom of Deheubarth
The County of Horne is established
The Kingdom of East Anglia is conquered by Wessex
The Kingdom of Mercia is absorbed into Wessex
Mercia and Wessex reconquer the Five Boroughs of the Danelaw from the Danes
December 10 — The Kingdom of Asturias moves its capital to León and becomes the Kingdom of León
The Fatimids take Raqqada from the Aghlabid Emirate of Ifriqiya, establishing the Fatimid Caliphate
The Byzantine city of Taormina, Sicily falls to the Emirate of Ifriqiya
The Byzantine Empire conquers Benevento and establishes the Theme of Longobardia
Byzantine control in southern Italy is extended over most of Apulia and Calabria.
The Kings of West Francia cede their portion of Lotharingia to East Francia by the Treaty of Ribemont.
The Emirate of Ifriqiya takes Syracuse, Sicily from the Byzantine Empire.
The Byzantine Empire re-conquers Bari.
The Byzantine Empire re-conquers Otranto from the Saracens.
The Kingdom of Norway is unified.
As a result of the Treaty of Meerssen, Lotharingia is divided between East and West Francia, and Provence is divided between East Francia, West Francia and the Kingdom of Italy.
Æthelberht succeeds his brother Æthelbald as king of Wessex, thus uniting it with Sussex and Kent.
Æthelberht is crowned king of Sussex and Kent.
Middle Francia is partitioned into the Kingdom of Italy, Lotharingia and the Kingdom of Provence by the Treaty of Prüm.
The Principality of Salerno is partitioned from the Principality of Benevento.
The Kingdom of Scotland (Kingdom of Alba) is unified.
The Carolingian Empire (Francia) is partitioned into three by the Treaty of Verdun, forming West, Middle and East Francia.
September — Palermo, Sicily is captured by the Aghlabid Emirate of Ifriqiya, is renamed al-Madinah, and becomes the capital of Muslim Sicily.
The Kingdom of Essex is ceded to Wessex
The Kingdom of Sussex becomes subject to Wessex
The Kingdom of Pamplona (later Navarre) is established
The title Count of Aragon is usurped and Aragon ceases to be a vassal of the Franks
Cornwall loses its independence to Wessex, possibly becoming a sub-kingdom
Saxony is integrated into the Frankish Kingdom as the Duchy of Saxony
The Franks create the Marca Hispanica as a buffer against the Moors
The Franks conquer Bavaria
The Franks annex Chieti from the Principality of Benevento to the Duchy of Spoleto
Benevento submits to Frankish overlordship but retain effective autonomy
Franks defeat Widukind thereby conquering the remaining Frisian lands east of the Lauwers and vassalizing Saxony.
Franks conquer the Kingdom of the Lombards (Italy)
The Lombard Duchy of Benevento in the south of Italy effectively becomes independent and becomes the Principality of Benevento
Franks conquer Gascony
Franks conquer Aquitania
Franks conquer Septimania
The Papal States is established
The Exarchate of Ravenna, the center of Byzantine power in Italy, is disestablished after the Lombards invade
Franks conquer Alemannia
Franks annexed the Frisian lands between the Vlie and the Lauwers
Kingdom of Asturias established
Córdoba becomes the capital of Muslim Al-Andalus.
A Berber force under the Berber general Tariq ibn Ziyad, loyal to the Emir of Damascus, enters the Iberian peninsula from North Africa, thus starting the foundation of Al-Andalus.
Muslims conquer North Africa
A peace treaty with Byzantium marked the beginning of the First Bulgarian Empire.
The Kingdom of Ceredigion changes its name to the Kingdom of Seisyllwg.
The Anglian kingdoms of Bernicia and Deira unite to form Northumbria.
Hwicce becomes a client or sub-kingdom of Mercia.
The Ostrogothic Kingdom is conquered by the Byzantine Empire
The Vandal Kingdom is conquered by the Byzantine Empire
Ostrogoths establish a kingdom in Italy
Odoacer is defeated at the river Adda by the Goths and flees
The Kingdom of Soissons, a Roman rump state ruled by Syagrius, is conquered by the Franks
A Roman rump state, Roman Dalmatia, is disestablished after Julius Nepos is murdered
September 4 — The Western Roman Empire falls due to Odoacer deposing Romulus Augustulus
The Hunnic Empire is disestablished after Dengizich dies
Western Roman Emperor Majorian makes a concerted effort to try to restore the Empire, and reconquers most of Hispania and southern Gaul
Huns attack the Western Roman Empire
The Vandals establish a kingdom in North Africa
Vandals enter Africa
Alans leave Hispania
The Visigoths establish a kingdom in southern Gaul
The Burgundians establish a kingdom in the western bank of the Rhine
December 31 — A mixed group of barbarians including Vandals, Alans, and Suebi enter the Western Roman Empire in the Crossing of the Rhine
Western Roman Empire capital moved to Ravenna
Roman Empire splits into eastern and western portions
The Bosporan Kingdom is disestablished
Huns appear north of the Black Sea
Franks allowed to settle in Toxandria (present-day Belgium)
Eastern Roman capital moved to Constantinople
3 September- San Marino secedes from Roman Empire (traditional)
The Gallic Empire is disestablished
The Palmyrene Empire is disestablished
Roman Dacia is abandoned
Roman Emperor Claudius II recovers Hispania from the Gallic Empire
Two Roman breakaway states, the Gallic Empire and the Palmyrene Empire, are formed
Gupta Empire forms in India
Conquest of Wales and Scotland by Romans
The Romans found Londinium, a town that will with time become modern London
Romans conquer much of the Middle East
The Romans conquer the city of Sirmium, modern Sremska Mitrovica
Egypt becomes a Roman province
Romans conquer Gaul
Romans conquer Jerusalem
Romans annex western Pontus and create a client state out of the Eastern portion under Pharnaces II.
By this date, Emperor Wu of Han had conquered much of what is today Southern China and Northern Vietnam from the Yue
Upon the death of Attalus III, he wills his kingdom of Pergamon to the Roman Republic.
Romans conquer Celtiberia following the Siege of Numantia
Western half of Minyue conquered by China
Romans conquer Iberia
Ancient Carthage is disestablished
Romans conquer Corinth and dissolve the Achaean League
Roman provinces of Macedon and Achaea formed
Mithridates I of Parthia conquers Ectebana
Romans dissolve the Kingdom of Macedon after the Battle of Pydna.
Demetrius I of Bactria invades India, forming the Indo-Greek Kingdom.
The Shunga Empire is formed after the Mauryan Empire is destroyed
Seleucids take control of Coele Syria and Judea from Ptolemaic Egypt
Romans force Philip of Macedon to abandon Greece in the Peace of Flamininus, while allowing him to maintain Macedon itself.
The Romans conquer Cartagena from the Carthaginians, bringing Carthaginian Spain under Roman control
Romans capture Syracuse
Qin Dynasty unifies China
Han state conquered by Qin
Sardinia and Corsica become Roman provinces
Sicily becomes first Roman province
Ashoka unifies most of South Asia
Lysimachus dies at the Battle of Corupedium, his empire falling to the Seleucids
Demetrius Poliorcetes captures Thebes after a successful siege.
Demetrius Poliorcetes kills Alexander V of Macedon, and in claiming the throne loses Thebes to a revolt.
The death of Antigonus I Monophthalmus at the Battle of Ipsus results in his kingdom being divided between the remaining Diadochi, namely Ptolemy I Soter, Seleucus I Nicator, Lysimachus, and Cassander.
Following the death of Alexander IV of Macedon, Antigonus I Monophthalmus declares himself an independent king, soon to by followed by his fellow Diadochi Ptolemy I Soter, Seleucus I Nicator, Lysimachus, and Cassander.
Seleucus I Nicator forms the Seleucid Empire after conquering Babylonia, Media, and Elam from Antigonus I Monophthalmus in the Babylonian War, leaving him with one third of his empire.
The states of Shu and Ba are conquered by King Huiwen of Qin.
Mauryan Empire founded
Alexander dies and his empire splits
Alexander conquers Samarkand
Alexander conquers Egypt from the Achaemenid Empire
Phillip II of Macedon unites Greece
Artaxerxes III reconquers Egypt into the Achaemenid Empire
Zheng annexed by Han
The Peace of Antalcidas imposes Persian rule on the Greek cities of Asia and Cyprus.
Darius II of Persia, loses control over Egypt and Thrace
Athens surrenders to Sparta and her allies, resulting in the dismemberment of the Delian League and a temporary Spartan hegemony
Gela and Camarina in Sicily are abandoned by the Greeks and sacked by Carthage
Akragas in Sicily is abandoned by the Greeks and sacked by Carthage
Selinus and Himera in Sicily are destroyed by Carthage
Delian League established
Cambyses II of Persia conquers Egypt
Cyrus the Great conquers the Gandhara Kingdom
Cyrus the Great conquers the Neo-Babylonian Empire
Cyrus the Great conquers the Lydian Empire
Cyrus the Great of Persia, creates the Achaemenid Empire and conquers the Median Empire
Traditional date for the destruction of the Kingdom of Judah at the hands of the Babylonians.
With the Battle of Carchemish, the Assyrian Empire is destroyed and replaced by a balance of power between Babylon, Media, Lydia and Egypt.
Harran, the new capital of Assyria, is destroyed by the Medes and Babylonians
Nineveh falls to a coalition of the Medes and Babylonians
Ancient Carthage is established
After the Battle of Ulai, Elam is vassalized by the Assyrians
Byzantium is settled by colonists from Megara
Esarhaddon captures Memphis and drives the Kushites out of Lower Egypt, and establishes local rulers in the delta region.
Gordium, capital of Phrygia, is destroyed by the Cimmerians, resulting in Phrygia being ruled by the Lydians
The capital of Assyria moves from Dur-Sharrukin to Nineveh.
The capital of Assyria moves from Nimrud to Dur-Sharrukin.
The Neo-Hittite states of Tabal and Hilakku fall to the Assyrians
The Neo-Hittite state of Carchemish falls to the Assyrians
Traditional date for the destruction of the Kingdom of Israel at the hands of the Assyrians
The Assyrians conquer Damascus, ending the kingdom of Aram-Damascus.
The city of Syracuse, Sicily is founded by settlers from Corinth and Tenea.
Tiglath-Pileser III founds the Neo-Assyrian Empire, annexing the city of Babylon
April 21 — The foundation of the city of Rome. The precise date is based on legend, but archaeological evidence suggests Rome did grow to city size from an earlier village in the 8th century BCE.
Ashurnasirpal II moves the capital of Assyria from Assur to Nimrud, also known as Kalhu.
The kingdom of Israel splits into the kingdom of Israel in Samaria and the Kingdom of Judah in the south.
The New Kingdom of Egypt collapses, beginning the Third Intermediate Period of Egypt
The New Kingdom of Egypt is established
The Middle Kingdom of Egypt collapses, beginning the Second Intermediate Period of Egypt
The Third Dynasty of Ur falls after an Elamite invasion
The Middle Kingdom of Egypt is established
Utu-hengal defeats the Gutians and establishes the Third Dynasty of Ur
The Old Kingdom of Egypt collapses, beginning the First Intermediate Period of Egypt
The Akkadian Empire collapses after an invasion by the Gutians
Sargon of Akkad of the Akkadian Empire comes to power after defeating Lugal-zage-si at the Battle of Uruk
The Old Kingdom of Egypt is established
Upper and Lower Egypt are united under Menes/Narmer
Timeline of world map changes Wikipedia (Text) CC BY-SA
