Supriya Ghosh (Editor)

Timeline of York

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The following is a timeline of the history of the city of York, North Yorkshire in northern England.

Contents

1st-4th centuries

  • 71 – Quintus Petillius Cerialis and the Roman Legio VIIII Hispana establish a fort (castra) above the River Ouse near its junction with the Foss. City walls probably begun; enlarged until 3rd century.
  • 95–104 – Period of first recorded reference to the city as Eboracum.
  • 107-108 – Last dateable reference to the presence of Legio VIIII Hispana at Eboracum.
  • 119 – Legio VI Victrix arrive in Eboracum.
  • 122 – Emperor Hadrian may have visited the city during his visit to the province.
  • 190–212 – Period during which Claudius Hieronymianus is legatus of Legio VI Victrix based in Eboracum and establishes a temple to Serapis here.
  • 208–211 – Septimius Severus and the Imperial family at Eboracum. Severus campaigns in the Roman invasion of Caledonia, but the city is used to overwinter.
  • 211 – 4 February: Roman emperor Septimius Severus dies at Eboracum.
  • c. 214 – Eboracum becomes the administrative centre of Britannia Inferior.
  • 306 – 25 July: Constantine the Great is acclaimed as Roman emperor by the troops in Eboracum on the death here of his father Constantius Chlorus.
  • 383 – Last substantial Roman presence in the north of England.

    • 5th-10th centuries

  • 625 – 21 July?: Paulinus is consecrated as first Bishop of York.
  • 627 – Paulinus establishes the first (temporary wooden) York Minster for the baptism of King Edwin of Northumbria; and also St Peter’s School.
  • 637 – Stone-built predecessor of York Minster dedicated to St Peter completed.
  • 735 – Bishop Ecgbert is elevated to become first Archbishop of York. He establishes a library and school.
  • 741 – Minster destroyed by fire; subsequently rebuilt on a larger scale.
  • 866 – November: The "Great Heathen Army" of Vikings led by Ivar the Boneless capture York, defending it in March 867 against a Northumbrian counterattack.
  • 876 – Danes capture southern Northumbria and found the Kingdom of York perhaps under Halfdan Ragnarsson.
  • c. 897 – Mint re-established in the city.
  • c. 919 – The Norse–Gael leader Ragnall ua Ímair captures York.
  • 927 – Æthelstan, King of the Anglo-Saxons, expels Gofraid ua Ímair from York.
  • 939 – The Norse-Gael King of Dublin Olaf III Guthfrithsson captures York.
  • 944 – King Edmund I of England takes York from the Vikings.
  • 947 – Eric Bloodaxe becomes king of Northumbria for the first time at the invitation of Wulfstan I, Archbishop of York.
  • 954 – Eric Bloodaxe is deposed and subsequently killed.

    • 11th–14th centuries

  • 1065 – 3 October: Northumbrian rebels capture York, outlaw Harold Godwinson's brother Tostig and choose Morcar of Northumbria as their new earl.
  • 1068 – Morcar leads a revolt in Northumbria, but William the Conqueror defeats the rebels at York and builds a wooden motte-and-bailey castle probably on the later site of York Castle.
  • 1069 – c. 28 January: Northumbrian rebels attack York.
  • Winter of 1069–1070 – Harrying of the North: William quells rebellions in the North of England brutally and builds a second motte-and-bailey castle, probably that on Baile Hill.
  • 1070 – 23 May: The first Norman Archbishop, Thomas of Bayeux, is appointed and begins rebuilding of York Minster.
  • 1088 – January/February: St Mary's Abbey re-established.
  • 1126 – Archbishoprics of Canterbury and York declared equal.
  • 1137 – June: York Minster and city are severely damaged by a fire, but the Minster is soon rebuilt; St Peter’s Hospital is replaced by St Leonard’s.
  • 1154 – Ouse Bridge collapses under the weight of a crowd gathered to greet Archbishop William of York on his return from exile. On 8 June William dies, apparently poisoned at Mass.
  • 1182 – Charter granted to citizens.
  • 1190 – 16 March: A mob besieges 150 Jews (including their leader Josce) in Clifford’s Tower of York Castle, allowing to be killed by fire those who do not commit suicide.
  • 1212 – 9 July: Royal charter granted allowing citizens to collect their own taxes and appoint a mayor (first known 1217).
  • 1220 – Re-building of York Minster in Gothic style begins under Archbishop Walter de Gray (dies 1255), starting with the south transept (completed about 1240).
  • 1228 – Christmas: During a visit by King Henry III, a gale destroys the wooden keep at York Castle.
  • 1237 – 25 September: Treaty of York signed between Henry III of England and his brother-in-law Alexander II of Scotland.
  • 1244 – Henry III orders rebuilding of the castle in stone, work which is completed about 1272.
  • c. 1260 – In York Minster
  • Construction of the north transept is completed and the "Five Sisters" window (in grisaille) installed.
  • Construction of the octagonal chapter house in the Decorated style (completed by 1296) begins.
  • 1291 – Construction of the nave of York Minster begins.
  • 1298–1304 – King Edward houses the national Exchequer (at the castle) and Chancery (at the abbey) in York.
  • 1316 – Lady Row built in Goodramgate.
  • 1319 – 20 September: First War of Scottish Independence: Scottish victory at the Battle of Myton over defenders from York. Many priests and the mayor of York are killed.
  • 1328 – King Edward marries Philippa of Hainault in the Minster. A tournament is held in their honour.
  • 1335 – Parliament meets in York; subsequently it will normally meet at Westminster (London).
  • 1337 – c. 8 July: Death of William of Hatfield, second son of Edward III and Queen Philippa, at only a few months old; he is buried in the Minster.
  • 1344 – Mint established at the castle.
  • 1349 – Black Death reaches York. 50% of the population die.
  • 1350s – Construction of the nave of York Minster completed. The great west window becomes known as the "Heart of Yorkshire".
  • 1357 – Merchant Adventurers' Hall construction begins.
  • 1361 – Construction of the choir of York Minster in Perpendicular style begins.
  • 1376 – Corpus Christi (feast): Earliest record of York Mystery Plays, although they probably originate from the 1340s.
  • 1381 – Summer: Peasants’ Revolt. Unrest in York lasts for a year.
  • 1389 – Office of mayor raised to Lord Mayor of York, second in precedence only to the Lord Mayor of London.
  • 1396 – King Richard II grants a charter to the city making it a county corporate.

    • 15th–16th centuries

  • c. 1400 – Lantern tower of All Saints’ Church, Pavement, built.
  • 1405 – 8 June: Following the collapse of a revolt in the north begun in April by the House of Percy in which they participated and trial by a special commission, Archbishop of York Richard Scrope and others are beheaded at York.
  • 1407 – York Minster’s central tower collapses due to poor foundations; it is rebuilt from 1420 in Perpendicular style.
  • 1408 – York Minster east window, the world’s largest expanse of medieval glass (begun c. 1405), is completed by glass painter John Thornton of Coventry.
  • 1434 – Mulberry Hall built.
  • c. 1450 – Choir of York Minster completed.
  • 1453 – York Guildhall opens.
  • 1464 – 1 June: Treaty of York signed between England and Scotland.
  • 1471 – 14 March: Wars of the Roses: The deposed Edward IV of England lands with a small force at Ravenspur, moving on speedily to secure York.
  • 1472 – York Minster consecrated following completion of its west towers.
  • 1476 – 13 March: Richard of Gloucester addresses civic officials within Bootham Bar proclaiming he is present to keep his brother the king's peace.
  • 1483 – 8 September: Edward of Middleham is invested as Prince of Wales by his father the new king Richard III of England at the Archbishop's Palace.
  • 1486 & 1487 – King Henry VII visits.
  • c. 1500 – Rose window installed in York Minster commemorating the end of the Wars of the Roses in 1487
  • 1525–36 – New church of St Michael le Belfrey built (John Forman, master mason).
  • 1536 – c. October: Pilgrimage of Grace occupies York.
  • 1538 – Dissolution of the Monasteries: York Franciscan Friary dissolved.
  • 1539 – Dissolution of the Monasteries: St Mary's Abbey and the adjacent St Leonard’s Hospital are dissolved. King's Manor becomes the headquarter of the Council of the North.
  • 1541 – King Henry VIII visits.
  • 1569 – York Mystery Plays suppressed.
  • 1586 – 25 March: Margaret Clitherow martyred by peine forte et dure for refusing to plead to a charge of harbouring Catholic priests.

    • 17th century

  • 1616 – June: First waterworks and piped water supply.
  • 1617 – King James I visits.
  • 1633 – King Charles I visits.
  • 1642 – 19 March–3 July: Charles I holds court at York. The Great Seal of the Realm is sent to him here on 17 May.
  • 1644
  • 16 July: First English Civil War: Parliamentary forces capture York; Thomas Fairfax prevents damage to the Minster and churches.
  • Ye Olde Starre Inne licensed.
  • 1673 – 18 April: Viscount Fairfax throws a party to mark his remodelling of Fairfax House.
  • 1674 – Friends meeting house in Friargate first built.
  • 1676 – Highwayman John Nevison rides from Kent to York in a day to establish an alibi.
  • 1677 – York Waterworks re-established.
  • 1684 – 23 April: A gunpowder explosion guts Clifford’s Tower at York Castle, leading to the city being abandoned as a military garrison.
  • 1686 – 5 November: Bar Convent established, making it the oldest surviving active Catholic convent in England.
  • 1694 – First corporation fire engine purchased.
  • 1695 – Grays, solicitors, established.

    • 18th century

  • 1705 – Debtor’s Prison completed at York Castle.
  • 1709 – Earliest record of horse racing on Clifton Ings.
  • 1719 – 23 February: Publication of the city’s first newspaper, the York Mercury, by Grace White.
  • 1726 – Judges' Lodgings completed as a townhouse for physician Clifton Wintringham senior.
  • 1730 – New Walk laid out.
  • c. 1731 – First horse races at York Racecourse on the Knavesmire.
  • 1732
  • August: York Assembly Rooms (designed in Palladian style by Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington) opened.
  • Mansion House (begun 1725) completed as an official residence for the Lord Mayor.
  • 1739 – 7 April: Essex highwayman and murderer Dick Turpin hanged at the "York Tyburn" on the Knavesmire for horse stealing following imprisonment in York Castle and trial at York Assizes there.
  • 1740 – April: York County Hospital established.
  • 1744 – New Theatre opened.
  • 1759 – December: Laurence Sterne has the first two volumes of his comic metafictional novel The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman printed at York in the shop owned by Ann Ward.
  • 1767 – Robert Berry opens a confectionery shop, the predecessor of Terry's.
  • 1769 – 8 April: The Theatre Royal reopens under this title having been granted a Royal Patent under its manager Tate Wilkinson.
  • 1770 – Holgate Windmill built.
  • 1777
  • In the courtyard of York Castle
  • Assize Courts (designed by John Carr) are completed.
  • The central circle is grassed in as the "Eye of the Ridings".
  • The County Lunatic Asylum (designed by John Carr), origin of Bootham Park Hospital, is completed.
  • 1778 – Clock at church of St Martin Coney Street erected.
  • 1780–1785 – New Female Prison (designed by John Carr) built at York Castle.
  • 1783 – May: John Goodricke presents his conclusions that the variable star Algol is what comes to be known as an eclipsing binary to the Royal Society of London.
  • 1784 – 19 October: John Goodricke begins his observations of the variable star Delta Cephei.
  • 1788 – Public dispensary for the poor opened at Merchant Adventurers' Hall.
  • 1794 – April: Foss Navigation Company begins improvement of the River Foss. Monk Bridge built (designed by Peter Atkinson).
  • 1796 – The Retreat established by the Quaker William Tuke, pioneering the humane treatment of people with mental disorders.

    • 19th century

  • 1803–1842 – Manchester Academy is relocated to York in order to have the Unitarian Charles Wellbeloved as its head.
  • 1811 – Quaker William Alexander opens a book and stationery shop in Castlegate, later taken over by the Sessions family of printers.
  • 1812 – New stone Foss Bridge (designed by Peter Atkinson) completed.
  • c. 1815 – George Hudson moves to York.
  • 1821 – New Ouse Bridge (designed by Peter Atkinson) completed.
  • 1823 – York Gas Light Company incorporated, opening its works at Layerthorpe by March 1824.
  • 1824 – 1 September: Yorkshire Fire & Life Insurance Company opens for business.
  • 1827 – Yorkshire Philosophical Society begins excavation of St Mary's Abbey, prior to construction of the Yorkshire Museum on part of the site.
  • 1829 – 1–2 February: York Minster choir and nave roof are extensively damaged in a fire started by religious fanatic Jonathan Martin (who is subsequently acquitted of arson on the grounds of insanity).
  • 1830 – February: Yorkshire Museum (designed in the Greek Revival style by William Wilkins) opened by Yorkshire Philosophical Society in the grounds of St Mary's Abbey.
  • 1832 – 2 June: 1829–51 cholera pandemic spreads to York.
  • 1836
  • First unified police force established.
  • York Public Cemetery Company founded.
  • 1837 – Walker Iron Foundry established.
  • 1839 – 29 May: York and North Midland Railway opens the city’s first railway station.
  • 1840
  • 11 May: Chartist leader Feargus O'Connor is sentenced to imprisonment in York Castle for seditious libel over speeches published in The Northern Star.
  • 20 May: York Minster's nave roof is destroyed in an accidental fire.
  • 1842 – First railway works constructed.
  • 1844 – York Gas Light Company and York Union Gas Light Company amalgamated.
  • 1846 – York New Waterworks Company formed.
  • 1853 – York Drainage and Sanitary Improvement Act provides for the city corporation to purchase the River Foss and improve drainage.
  • 1862 – Quaker Henry Isaac Rowntree buys out the chocolate and cocoa departments of the Tuke family confectioners, origins of the Rowntree's business.
  • 1863 – Lendal Bridge (designed by Thomas Page) completed.
  • 1868 – Corn Exchange opens.
  • 1877 – 25 June: North Eastern Railway opens new (modern-day) York railway station.
  • 1880
  • 27 October: York Tramways Company inaugurates its first horse-drawn tram service.
  • Burgins perfumiers established.
  • 1881 – Skeldergate Bridge completed.
  • 1882
  • York Art Gallery opened.
  • The Evening Press begins publication.
  • 1884 – North Eastern Railway begins production at Holgate Road carriage works. Holgate is incorporated into the city.
  • 1894 – August: Lendal Bridge freed of toll.
  • 1895 – Major sewerage scheme opened.

    • 20th century

  • 1900 – Corporation opens electricity generating works at Layerthorpe.
  • 1901 – Seebohm Rowntree publishes Poverty, A Study of Town Life based on a sociological survey of York.
  • 1902–1904 – Construction of the model village of New Earswick.
  • 1906 – 24 November: North Eastern Railway opens new headquarters offices.
  • 1908
  • 23 November: New Picture Palace, the former Wesleyan Methodist New Street Hall, opened as the city’s first permanent cinema.
  • York City F.C. founded as an amateur Association football club.
  • 1910 – 20 January: York Corporation Tramways inaugurates an electric service.
  • 1911 – Electric Cinema, Fossgate, opened, the city’s first purpose-built cinema.
  • 1914 – 1 April: Skeldergate Bridge freed of toll.
  • 1916 – 2 May: Zeppelin raid on York kills 9.
  • 1922
  • 6 May: York City F.C. re-founded.
  • The London and North Eastern Railway begins to set up a private museum around the station area, origin of the National Railway Museum.
  • 1926 – Terry's open The Chocolate Works.
  • 1935 – 16 November: York Corporation Tramways closed and replaced by motor bus services.
  • 1937 – Acomb incorporated into the city.
  • 1938 – 23 April: York Castle Museum opened.
  • 1942
  • 28/29 April: Baedeker Blitz: Air raid kills 79, guts York Guildhall, the church of St Martin Coney Street and the railway locomotive shed.
  • October: RAF Elvington reopened as a hard-runway bomber airfield.
  • 1951 – First York Festival, including a major revival of the York Mystery Plays.
  • 1961 – 16 December: York Cold War Bunker opened.
  • 1962 – 11 April: York Crematorium dedicated.
  • 1963 – University of York established with a new campus at Heslington.
  • 1964 – April: A64 York bypass road opened.
  • 1967–1972 – York Minster foundations strengthened.
  • 1968 – Viscount Esher publishes York: a study in conservation.
  • 1969 – Rowntree's merged with Mackintosh's.
  • 1970 – 25 October: Margaret Clitherow canonised as St Margaret of York.
  • 1971
  • Stonegate pedestrianised.
  • York becomes an Army Saluting Station.
  • 1973 – First regular ghost walk.
  • 1975 – 27 September: The National Railway Museum is opened, the first national museum outside London.
  • 1976–79 – York Archaeological Trust begins an excavation at a former sweet factory on the site of Scandinavian York (Jórvík) prior to construction of Coppergate Shopping Centre here.
  • 1976
  • New York Hospital opened.
  • Rowntree's introduce the Yorkie (chocolate bar).
  • 1982 – 31 May: Pope John Paul II visits the city as part of his visit to the United Kingdom; 200,000 people gather at York Racecourse on the Knavesmire for a liturgy.
  • 1983 – 4 July: BBC Radio York begins permanent broadcasting.
  • 1984
  • c. April: Opening of Coppergate Shopping Centre and Jorvik Viking Centre.
  • 9 July: A fire in the south transept roof of York Minster, probably caused by an electrical storm, causes extensive damage.
  • 1988
  • November: River Foss Barrier completed.
  • Rowntree Mackintosh Confectionery taken over by Nestlé.
  • 1992 – 4 July: Minster FM independent local radio begins broadcasting.
  • 1993 – Terry's taken over by Kraft Foods Inc.
  • 1996 – The City of York becomes a unitary authority area which includes rural areas beyond the old city boundaries.
  • 1997 – Last commercial traffic on the River Foss (newsprint from Goole for the Yorkshire Evening Press) ceases.
  • 1998 – Monks Cross and McArthur Glen shopping centres and University science park opened.

    • 21st century

  • 2000 – October–November – Severe flooding, chiefly from River Ouse.
  • 2001 – 10 April: Millennium Bridge opened.
  • 2014
  • 6 July: Start of Tour de France, Stage 2.
  • Vangarde Shopping Park opened.
  • 2015
  • Easter: York Army Museum opened.
  • December: Severe flooding, chiefly from River Foss.

    • Births

  • c. 735 – Alcuin, scholar (died 804 in Tours)
  • Before 1190 – Aaron of York, financier and chief rabbi of England (died after 1253)
  • 1556 – Margaret Clitherow, Catholic saint (martyred 1586)
  • 1564 – 20 March: Thomas Morton, bishop of Durham (died 1659)
  • 1570 – 13 April: Guy Fawkes, Catholic conspirator (executed 1606)
  • 1586 – 5 April: Christopher Levett, sea captain and New England settler (died 1630 at sea)
  • 1624 – Matthew Poole, Nonconformist theologian (died 1879 in Amsterdam)
  • 1647 – Francis Place, gentleman draughtsman (died 1728)
  • 1755 – 6 July: John Flaxman, sculptor (died 1826)
  • 1784 – 31 July: Samuel Tuke, philanthropist and mental health reformer (died 1857)
  • 1787 – 10 March: William Etty, painter of nudes (died 1849)
  • 1799 – May: George Hennet, railway contractor (died 1857)
  • 1800 – 17 June: William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse, astronomer (died 1867 in Ireland)
  • 1803 – 26 October: Joseph Hansom, architect and patentee of the Hansom cab (died 1882)
  • 1809 – Mary Ellen Best, domestic watercolourist (died 1891 in Darmstadt)
  • 1813 – 15 March: John Snow, physician, epidemiologist and pioneer of anaesthesia (died 1858 in London)
  • 1836 – 24 May: Joseph Rowntree, chocolate manufacturer and philanthropist (died 1925)
  • 1851 – 19 June: Silvanus P. Thompson, physicist, pioneer of calculus and electricity (died 1916)
  • 1871 – 7 July: Seebohm Rowntree, chocolate manufacturer and social reformer (died 1954)
  • 1881 – 20 September: Will Ashton (Sir John Ashton), landscape painter and gallery director (died 1963 in Australia)
  • 1907 – 21 February: W. H. Auden, poet (died 1973 in Austria)
  • 1912 – 6 February: Christopher Hill, Marxist historian (died 2003)
  • 1917 – 6 March: Frankie Howerd, comic actor (died 1992)
  • 1933 – 3 November: John Barry, film composer (died 2011 in the United States)
  • 1934 – 9 December: Judi Dench, actress
  • 1942
  • 17 April: David Bradley, actor
  • 23 June: Martin Rees, astrophysicist
  • 1943 – 9 May: Vince Cable, politician

    • References

    Timeline of York Wikipedia
    (Text) CC BY-SA


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