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Tefft was born in rural Richmond, Rhode Island, outside of the small village of Wood River Junction. He was the fourth child of William C. and Sarah Tefft. His family worshiped at the Richmond Six-Principle Baptist Church. As a young man, he began teaching in the District No. 5 School at Quarrelsome Corners.
During the 1840s the state school commissioner, Henry Barnard, embarked on an inspection of the state's public schools. Noting Tefft's talents for drawing and the other arts, Barnard convinced him to move to Providence and study architecture. He entered the office of Tallman & Bucklin, then one of the city's primary offices. By 1846 he was doing most of the designing for the firm. At this time he also enrolled in Brown University.
In 1851, Tefft graduated from Brown. At the same time, the partnership of Tallman & Bucklin was dissolved. Tefft then opened his own office, and ran a notable practice that lasted only five years. In 1856 he decided to embark on a grand tour of Europe. Due to the beginning of an economic downturn, the only work that Tefft had in his office were the initial designs of Vassar College. With that project stagnating, he chose to go. He departed on the steamer Arago on December 13, 1856.
He began in England, where he studied the works of Sir Christopher Wren, among others. He also met and was entertained in the home of noted architect Sir Charles Barry. He also visited the cities of Paris, Rome, Geneva, Berlin, Milan, and Florence, among others. In December 1859 he fell ill with a fever in Florence at the home of his friend, the sculptor Hiram Powers. He died there on the 12th. He was first buried in the English Cemetery in Florence. In February 1860 his body was shipped back to Rhode Island, where it was re-interred in Swan Point Cemetery.
Remodeling of House for Richard James Arnold, 124 S. Main St., Providence, RI (1848) – This house was once the Sabin Tavern, where the Gaspée Affair was planned. Demolished in 1891.
Union High and Grammar School, 60 High School St., Woonsocket, RI (1848–49) – Burned in 1875.
Young Ladies' High School, 235 Benefit St., Providence, RI (1848)
Indiana Cotton Mills, 310 Washington St., Cannelton, IN (1849–50) – Now the Cotton Mill Apartments.
Menzies Sweet House, 12 Arnold St., Providence, RI (1850)
Elmhurst, 700 Smith St., Providence, RI (1855) – A house for William Grosvenor that lent the neighborhood its name. Burned in 1967.
John Carter Brown II Stable, 357 Benevolent St., Providence, RI (1855)
Proposal for Providence City Hall, 25 Dorrance St., Providence, RI (1855) – Not built.
Roger Williams Free Baptist Church, 1076 Westminster St., Providence, RI (1855) – Demolished.
Bank of North America Building, 48 Weybosset St., Providence, RI (1856) – Ground floor altered.
Central Baptist Church, Weybosset St. at Empire, Providence, RI (1856) – Demolished in 1915 for the new Empire Street.
Proposal for Providence Merchants Exchange Building, 76 Westminster St., Providence, RI (1856) – An unusual circular building, not built.
Proposal for Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY – Not built due to economic troubles. The commission would later go to Renwick, Auchmuty & Sands of New York.
Seth Padelford Stable, 17 Benevolent St., Providence, RI (1856) – Demolished in 1955.