Thibodeaux is a Cajun (French) surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Bannon Goforth Thibodeaux (1812–1866), a member of the United States House of Representatives who represented Louisiana from 1845-1849
Henry S. Thibodaux (1769–1827), former governor of Louisiana
Kathy Thibodeaux, wife of actor Keith Thibodeaux (see below), and co-founder and artistic director of Ballet Magnificat!
Keith Thibodeaux (born 1950), actor best known for playing Little Ricky on I Love Lucy
Keith Thibodeaux (American football) (born 1974), American football player in the National Football League who played cornerback
Rufus Thibodeaux (1934–2005), American Cajun music fiddler
Seth Thibodeaux, American college baseball coach
Tony Thibodeaux (1938–2010), American Cajun music fiddler