Thibodeaux is a Cajun (French) surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Bannon Goforth Thibodeaux (1812–1866), a member of the United States House of Representatives who represented Louisiana from 1845-1849Henry S. Thibodaux (1769–1827), former governor of LouisianaKathy Thibodeaux, wife of actor Keith Thibodeaux (see below), and co-founder and artistic director of Ballet Magnificat!Keith Thibodeaux (born 1950), actor best known for playing Little Ricky on I Love LucyKeith Thibodeaux (American football) (born 1974), American football player in the National Football League who played cornerbackRufus Thibodeaux (1934–2005), American Cajun music fiddlerSeth Thibodeaux, American college baseball coachTony Thibodeaux (1938–2010), American Cajun music fiddler