For transmission lines, the space between overhead line and ground forms a capacitor parallel to transmission line, which causes an increase in voltage as the distance increases. When a network becomes larger, sometimes the short-circuit current on transmission line exceeds the short-circuit rating of the equipment. To offset the capacitive effect of the transmission line and to regulate the voltage and reactive power of the power system, reactors are connected either at line terminals or at the middle, thereby improving the voltage profile of transmission line.
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A shunt reactor is connected in parallel with a transmission line or other load. A series reactor is connected between a load and source.
Bus reactors
A bus reactor is a type of air core inductor, or in some cases, oil filled, connected between two buses or two sections of the same bus in order to limit the voltage transients on either bus. It is installed in a bus to maintain system voltage when the load of the bus changes. It adds inductance to the system to offset the capacitance of the line which varies due to load, humidity, weather, generator excitation and temperature.
Line reactors
A line reactor is placed in line at the point of use or just after a transformer to maintain a stable amperage to the user. When a line is disconnected from the system, the line reactor is also disconnected from the system. Line reactors are often used to compensate line capacitance, mitigate voltage transients due to switching, and to limit fault currents, especially in case of underground transmission lines.
A bus reactor and a line reactor are interchangeable as long as they are rated for the same voltage which is dependent upon substation's physical layout, and bus configuration.
Shunt reactors
Shunt reactors are used in power systems to counteract the effect of the line parasitic capacitance, thereby stabilizing the system voltage within acceptable limits. For short lines, we can basically ignore the impact of capacitive current from a voltage regulation point of view, but medium and long lines can have voltages at their receiving end much higher than the sending end, thus creating issues such as over-fluxing of power transformers and over stressing of line insulators. Under light-load conditions, the line produces more VARs, resulting in receiving end voltage being higher than sending end voltage. In order to consume the excess VARs when system is lightly loaded, an inductor is added to the system. Since inductors absorbs VARs, a reactor is connected in parallel with shunt capacitance of the line known as Shunt Reactor,
Controlled Shunt Reactors
A Controlled shunt reactor (CSR) is a variable inductance, smoothly regulated by magnetic biasing of ferromagnetic elements of magnetic circuit. The magnetic system of a CSR single phase consists of two cores. Each core is equipped with control and power windings. In case of regulated DC voltage source connection to the control windings, biasing flow is increasing and directed to different sides in the adjacent cores. This resulted in saturation of CSR cores at relevant half-period of the current. Core saturation is resulted in initiation and increase of the current in the power winding due to non-linear characteristics of the magnetic core. Change in biasing current value leads to the power winding current change, due to which a stepless variation of voltage levels in CSR connection point as well as the value of reactive power consumed by the reactor is ensured.
Series reactors
Series reactors are used as current limiting reactors to increase the impedance of a system. They are also used for neutral earthing. Such reactors are also used to limit the starting currents of synchronous electric motors and to compensate Reactive Power in order to improve the transmission capacity of power lines.