In mathematics, a spherical 3-manifold M is a 3-manifold of the form
Contents
- Properties
- Cyclic case lens spaces
- Dihedral case prism manifolds
- Tetrahedral case
- Octahedral case
- Icosahedral case
- References
where
Properties
A spherical 3-manifold has a finite fundamental group isomorphic to Γ itself. The elliptization conjecture, proved by Grigori Perelman, states that conversely all 3-manifolds with finite fundamental group are spherical manifolds.
The fundamental group is either cyclic, or is a central extension of a dihedral, tetrahedral, octahedral, or icosahedral group by a cyclic group of even order. This divides the set of such manifolds into 5 classes, described in the following sections.
The spherical manifolds are exactly the manifolds with spherical geometry, one of the 8 geometries of Thurston's geometrization conjecture.
Cyclic case (lens spaces)
The manifolds
Three-dimensional lens spaces arise as quotients of
where
- homotopy equivalent if and only if
q 1 q 2 ≡ ± n 2 ( mod p ) for somen ∈ N ; - homeomorphic if and only if
q 1 ≡ ± q 2 ± 1 ( mod p ) .
In particular, the lens spaces L(7,1) and L(7,2) give examples of two 3-manifolds that are homotopy equivalent but not homeomorphic.
The lens space L(1,0) is the 3-sphere, and the lens space L(2,1) is 3 dimensional real projective space.
Lens spaces can be represented as Seifert fiber spaces in many ways, usually as fiber spaces over the 2-sphere with at most two exceptional fibers, though the lens space with fundamental group of order 4 also has a representation as a Seifert fiber space over the projective plane with no exceptional fibers.
Dihedral case (prism manifolds)
A prism manifold is a closed 3-dimensional manifold M whose fundamental group is a central extension of a dihedral group.
The fundamental group π1(M) of M is a product of a cyclic group of order m with a group having presentation
for integers k, m, n with k ≥ 1, m ≥ 1, n ≥ 2 and m coprime to 2n.
Alternatively, the fundamental group has presentation
for coprime integers m, n with m ≥ 1, n ≥ 2. (The n here equals the previous n, and the m here is 2k-1 times the previous m.)
We continue with the latter presentation. This group is a metacyclic group of order 4mn with abelianization of order 4m (so m and n are both determined by this group). The element y generates a cyclic normal subgroup of order 2n, and the element x has order 4m. The center is cyclic of order 2m and is generated by x2, and the quotient by the center is the dihedral group of order 2n.
When m = 1 this group is a binary dihedral or dicyclic group. The simplest example is m = 1, n = 2, when π1(M) is the quaternion group of order 8.
Prism manifolds are uniquely determined by their fundamental groups: if a closed 3-manifold has the same fundamental group as a prism manifold M, it is homeomorphic to M.
Prism manifolds can be represented as Seifert fiber spaces in two ways.
Tetrahedral case
The fundamental group is a product of a cyclic group of order m with a group having presentation
for integers k, m with k ≥ 1, m ≥ 1 and m coprime to 6.
Alternatively, the fundamental group has presentation
for an odd integer m ≥ 1. (The m here is 3k-1 times the previous m.)
We continue with the latter presentation. This group has order 24m. The elements x and y generate a normal subgroup isomorphic to the quaternion group of order 8. The center is cyclic of order 2m. It is generated by the elements z3 and x2 = y2, and the quotient by the center is the tetrahedral group, equivalently, the alternating group A4.
When m = 1 this group is the binary tetrahedral group.
These manifolds are uniquely determined by their fundamental groups. They can all be represented in an essentially unique way as Seifert fiber spaces: the quotient manifold is a sphere and there are 3 exceptional fibers of orders 2, 3, and 3.
Octahedral case
The fundamental group is a product of a cyclic group of order m coprime to 6 with the binary octahedral group (of order 48) which has the presentation
These manifolds are uniquely determined by their fundamental groups. They can all be represented in an essentially unique way as Seifert fiber spaces: the quotient manifold is a sphere and there are 3 exceptional fibers of orders 2, 3, and 4.
Icosahedral case
The fundamental group is a product of a cyclic group of order m coprime to 30 with the binary icosahedral group (order 120) which has the presentation
When m is 1, the manifold is the Poincaré homology sphere.
These manifolds are uniquely determined by their fundamental groups. They can all be represented in an essentially unique way as Seifert fiber spaces: the quotient manifold is a sphere and there are 3 exceptional fibers of orders 2, 3, and 5.