Neha Patil (Editor)

Soviet Central Television

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Type
  
Broadcast television

Availability
  
Broadcast area
  
Country
  
Licence area
  
Moscow, Soviet Union

Launch date
  
9 March 1938

Soviet Central Television httpsuploadwikimediaorgwikipediaidthumb9

First air date
  
9 March 1938 (based in Moscow)

Founded
  
22 March 1951, Moscow, Russia

Soviet union 1985 morning exercise tv show


The Central Television of the USSR (CT USSR) (Russian: Центральное телевидение СССР, ЦТ СССР, Tsentral'noye televideniye SSSR, TsT SSSR), was the state television broadcaster in the Soviet Union.

Contents

Soviet TV programming was highly diverse and somewhat similar to that of the BBC or American PBS. Like much of the Soviet media, CT USSR regularly promoted the agendas of the Communist Party. Initially, the service was operated, together with the national radio service, by the Ministry of Culture. Later it was operated by the Committee on Television and Radio (USSR Gosteleradio, Russian: Государственный комитет по телевидению и радиовещанию СССР, Гостелерадио СССР), under the Communications Ministry and the Information and Press Ministry, and later a Council of Ministers-controlled network of television and radio broadcasting.

First decades

Radio was the dominant medium in the former Soviet Union, however, in the 1930s preparations for television were in full swing.

On 1 October 1934, the first television sets were made available to the public. The next year, the first television broadcasts began.

The Soviet Union television service began full-time experimental test broadcasts on 1 March 1938.

Regular public programming began on 9 March 1938 - with an evening of programmes, which included news, documentary films and entertainment on Channel 1 in Moscow. At the same time, Channel 5 Leningrad the national television service from Leningrad and the northern Soviet Union, was launched on 7 July the same year.

Programmes were stopped in 1941 at the start of Operation Barbarossa, for fear that the Shabolovka transmitter would be used as an enemy beacon. The same thing happened in Leningrad due to the almost 4 years siege there in the city.

The USSR television service began experimental test broadcasts on 7 May 1945 (two days before the German surrender), in preparation for its full reopening.

Regular public programming resumed on 7 March 1948.

The USSR television service temporarily stopped broadcasts in December 1948 for major upgrade of the broadcast equipment, but by 1 May the next year, Leningrad and the northern/northwestern USSR resumed television broadcasts for the Palace Square May Day Parade.

Regular programming resumed on 16 June 1949, but was now broadcasting in 625 lines - a first in the world.

On 22 March 1951, the Moscow TV station was renamed, to avoid confusion by viewers about the forthcoming local channels, becoming the Central Television Station, later known as Programme 1. Leningrad's television service was also renamed into Leningrad Television, and continued its national broadcasts.

On 26 August 1952, the Leningrad Television Centre was inaugurated, the USSR's first state-of-the-art television studios.

On New Year's Day 1955 the Central Television Station began transmitting daily programming.

On 14 February 1956, the new Moscow Programme commenced broadcasting for viewers in Moscow and in the surrounding Moscow Oblast.

The USSR television service (both Programme 1 and Moscow Programme 2) began experimental colour broadcast tests on 14 January 1960.

The next year, Leningrad Television moved its studios and officers to larger premises.

The USSR authorities began construction of a television center in Ostankino in 1963 for the television networks. It was opened in 1967 as part of the celebrations for the 50th anniversary of the October Revolution. Leningrad would soon follow suit the next year as the newly renovated and expanded Leningrad Television Broadcasting Center reopened its doors.

On 1 September 1964, CT USSR Programme One launched Spokoynoy nochi, malyshi! (Good Night, Kids!) as an answer to the East German Sandmännchen. The idea was an animated film and then and sending them to bed before the programmes for adults began at 21:00 (with the main evening news Vremya). With several generations of children growing up with the show, it has remained a popular childhood memory. Russia 1 still continues this practice today.

On 29 March 1965, Programme Three commenced broadcasting. It was originally an educational channel. This channel was shown only in the major cities in the European USSR (e.g. Moscow and Leningrad), and its programming was co-produced with the USSR Ministry of Education, oriented towards the nation's student population at all levels from pre-school till college.

Expansion

In 1965, CT USSR established a satellite network to expand the television service nationwide.

  • 1965 - Experimental broadcast to the Far East via the Molniya system.
  • 1971 - Regular broadcasts begin in Siberia, the Far East and central Asia via the Orbita system.
  • 1971 - The Vostok satellite begins programmes to viewers in Kazakhstan.
  • 1976 - Ekran (Screen) satellite begins broadcasts. The satellite network for viewers in Soviet Asia (programmes were relayed by transmitter in the European side) was given the name "Orbita" in the same year.
  • In 1967, the all-new, youth, sport and entertainment network Programme 4 was launched. Programme 3, which was from the beginning available to Moscow only, began broadcasting to the entire USSR via satellite in 1982. Thus, it was renamed All-Union Programme for this purpose and moved to channel 2 in 1977, while Moscow Programme switched to channel 3.

    Television Programmes

  • Vremya: The main news programme (1968- ).
  • Little Blue Light: Popular entertainment show. Shown on International Women's Day, May Day, and New Years' Eve (1962-1985).
  • What? Where? When?: Intellectual game show (1975- ).
  • Spokoynoy nochi, malyshi!: Evening children's programme (1964- ).
  • Fitil: Satirical/comedy short film -serial (1962-1991).
  • Budil'nik: Children's programme (1965-1998).
  • 600 Seconds: immensely popular TV news program (1987-1993).
  • Football Review: Weekly sports programme on the latest football events within the country and abroad
  • Do 16 i starshe: Youth programme (1983-2001).
  • Serve the Soviet Union (Russian:Служу Советскому Союзу): Weekly telecast "of soldiers and for soldiers" (1960-s-1991), co-produced with the Ministry of Defense and the Soviet Armed Forces.
  • Rural hour: Program on agriculture, issues and rural workers (1969-1992).
  • Today in the world: Information programme talking about events in the world (1978-1989).
  • Ochevidnoye-neveroyatnoye: Popular science program (1973-1992).
  • Musical ring: musical programme (1984-1990).
  • International Panorama: Sunday political telemagazine (1969-1987).
  • Explorers Club (Russian:Клуб путешественников): Programme dedicated to promotion of tourism and travel (1960-2003).
  • Kinopanorama: Programme about cinema (1962-1995).
  • Zdorovye: weekly popular science program on health (1960-1991).
  • Before and after midnight: Infotainment program (1987-1991).
  • In the animal world: Programme dedicated to zoology and wildlife research (1968- ).
  • ABVGDeyka: Children's educational program for preschool and primary school children. Transmission format - lessons in the form of game play, students act as clowns (1975- ).
  • People and the Law: Socio-political program (1970- ).
  • This you can: Popular science program dedicated to scientific and technical creativity (1970-1980-s).
  • Come on, girls!: Popular game program competition, was a television competition among girls, selected on a professional basis. Contestants competed for the title of best in the profession (1970-1987).
  • Come on, guys!: Popular game program competition (1970-1987).
  • Kabachok "13 chairs": Comedy shows, the scene of which the plot is a Polish cafe (zucchini). The program featured well-known Soviet actors and actresses (1966-1980). Shooting was terminated in November 1980 after an aggravation of the political situation in Poland .see Solidarity (Polish trade union).
  • KVN (Club cheerful and resourceful): Popular television humorous game in which teams of different groups (schools, universities, businesses, etc.) compete in humorous responses to questions, improvisations on given themes, acting out scenes prepared in advance, etc.(1961-1972, 1986- )
  • Melodies and rhythms of foreign music: Musical entertainment television program devoted to foreign music, defined as "pop" (1977-1984).
  • Moscow Panorama - features and news program from Moscow.
  • Notable annual traditions of Soviet Central Television included the telecasts of the Red Square demonstrations on May Day, Victory Day and the October Revolution anniversary parades, and the broadcast of the film The Irony of Fate (Or Enjoy Your Bath!) on New Year's Eve night, right after the CPSU General Secretary's New Year message, followed by the Kremlin chimes and the playing Soviet national anthem, and ending with Little Blue Light New Year's Edition. Concerts and musical programs also commemorated these and other national holidays. Since 1971 it was also the official network for the USSR's Pesnya goda All-Union National Soviet Music Festival aired on New Year's Day, also soon becoming a holiday practice for viewers across the nation.

    Colour

    Colour television was introduced on 1 October 1967, making the Soviet Union the fourth country in Europe to switch to colour broadcast, after the United Kingdom's BBC2, West Germany and France (see Timeline of the introduction of color television in countries), again ready for the celebrations for the 50th anniversary of the October Revolution on 7 November 1967. Moscow Programme and Leningrad Television were the first colour broadcasters, even through the 7 November 1967 parade was broadcast in monochrome in the main national channels and Programme 4. CT USSR chose the French SÉCAM colour standard, which would later be adopted across the Eastern Bloc (Romania and Yugoslavia, however, settled for the PAL standard).

    By 1976, full colour broadcasts began throughout the entire Soviet Union using the SECAM format on all television programs broadcast on all the national channels: Programme One, Programme Two, Moscow Programme, Programme Four and Programme Five - Leningrad Television, and in all the republican networks.

    Olympic Games

    The hosting of the 1980 Summer Olympics by Moscow was a source of pride for the Eastern Bloc. However, the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 had caused outrage in the west, leading to a boycott of the games by 64 western-aligned nations. CT USSR, as the host nation broadcaster, presented a colour broadcast of the Games to the world, and in Soviet territory the Games were broadcast on the two main channels with additional coverage on Program 3, Program 4 and Leningrad Television as well as the republican channels in Belarus, Ukraine (football) and Estonia (sailing). The other republican stations also simulcast and highlighted the entire event.

    Gorizont

    In 1988, the USSR-built Gorizont satellite was launched, providing television programming to much of Europe and northern Africa, and even eastern parts of the Americas. The programmes of all the Eastern European socialist republics, including the CT USSR channels, were broadcast on the satellite.

    The reforms

    Significant changes to CT USSR were made in the 1980s as the USSR underwent economic and popular political changes brought about by the reforms in Moscow under Mikhail Gorbachev.

    At first, CT USSR stuck to the party line and barely reported the opposition to the communist regime. However, after the rule of the CPSU began to break down in 1990, CT USSR reformed their programmes to remove propaganda and to report news freely.

    By the time the Glasnost came into effect, the main news programme on the then Programme 1 (Vremya) was being produced without censorship or interference, and so it covered the events in full. In recognition of its reliable coverage, the programme was re-broadcast on several TV channels around the world (such as Australia's SBS and the United Kingdom's Sky News).

    CT USSR, at the same time, started a number of new programme strands and formats, including talk shows.

    On 4 March 1988, emphasizing the Glasnost campaign, Programme 3 and Programme 4, plus Leningrad Television began to be carried across the Soviet territory via satellite.

    Private TV channels such as ATV and 2×2 were also introduced ending the state monopoly on television broadcasting. By 1990, CTV-USSR debuted its first joint international partnership program with the American Broadcasting Company, entitled Capital to Capital.

    Dissolution of the USSR

    Upon the total dissolution of the country on 25 December 1991, Central Television USSR (by now part of the All-Union National Radio and Television Broadcasting Corporation due to a 1990 reform) ceased to be the state broadcaster of the former USSR.

    On 27 December 1991, Ostankino Television 1 and Ostankino Television 4 (Presently Channel One (Russia) and NTV (Russia)) took over the frequencies of Programme 1 and Programme 4. Leningrad Television 5 soon became St. Petersburg State Television Network, broadcasting to all of Russia until 1997.

    Employees of CT USSR were worried about job prospects in the new broadcaster and also had a loyalty to Central Television USSR. Viewers accustomed to the Russian programming, were concerned at the loss of favourite shows. (Some of the Central Television USSR shows are now consigned to Channel One Russia and Russia 1) Additionally the three big Russian channels - Channel One, Russia 1 and Petersburg-Channel 5 - have a good amount of presence in the former Soviet territory, and most of the republican stations are now fully independent.

    Former television stations

    Soviet Central Television had three and later five television channels over its history.

  • Programme One was formed in 1938, and began to broadcast a regular daily schedule in 1955. This was the main channel in the former Soviet Union and was a crucial tool for the dissemination of propaganda by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Its output included general entertainment, documentaries and news.
  • Programme Two was created in 1965. (Its name at first was Programme Three.) Its programmes was mostly entertainment, cultural, news and sport programming. This is also called the All-Union Program due to its national reach across the Soviet Union and the fact that even programs of all forms from the various Union republics were also broadcast here.
  • Moscow Programme was created in 1956, the second channel to be launched. Its programming was somewhat similar to Program One, but was more flavored at the Moscow City and Region citizens.
  • Programme Four was created in 1967-1968. Its programming was aimed at the intelligentsia and students at all levels.
  • Programme Five - Leningrad Television, the national television service from Leningrad (St. Petersburg) and the northern and northwestern USSR was created in 1938, four months after the birth of television in the Soviet Union. Programmes from Leningrad City and Region were aired here, plus those from the USSR's Baltic republics (the republics also had their share on Program 2, the All-Union Program). Today, it is Petersburg - Channel 5 and still airs nationally (from 1992–1997 and from 2004 to present).
  • Central Television USSR signed off for the final time on 27 December 1991 and became Ostankino Television Channel 1 and Ostankino Television Channel 4, of Ostankino State Television. Its two remaining channels carried former their predecessors' programming. The direct successor of Soviet Central Television in Russia, it became defunct on 30 November 1994, becoming the Channel One Russia of today (It was then called until 2002 as ORT 1-Public Russian Television Channel 1.)

    Identity

    There are 3 idents which were broadcast in a day during CT USSR.

  • Startup ident: The blue background with CT USSR's logo (see below) appearing, first the red star (with one point extended) with the phrase TB CCCP (TV USSR), followed by the rings and the caption changing to the channel's name. Broadcast after the national anthem and before the exercise programme in the morning, and before the news in the evening (see Sign-on).
  • Daytime ident: Still version of the startup ident.
  • Closedown ident: Reverse of the startup ident, but different soundtrack. Followed by the clock.
  • Logo history

    There was only one CT USSR logo, which have five rings from a red star-designed antenna in it.

    Day

    Soviet Central Television (Programme One, Programme Two and Moscow Programme) sign on at 08:00 morning with the test card along with music, clock ident, then the national anthem accompanied by a panoramic view of Moscow, the capital of the Soviet Union and station ident.

    Evening

    Soviet Central Television (Programme One, Programme Two and Moscow Programme) sign on at 16:00 evening with the test card along with music, clock ident, then the national anthem accompanied by a panoramic view of Moscow and station ident.

    Day

    Soviet Central Television (Programme One, Programme Two and Moscow Programme) sign off at 13:00 day with the station ident, Clock ident, caption Do not forget to turn off the TV accompanied by intermittent beeping and test card.

    Evening

    Soviet Central Television (Programme One, Programme Two and Moscow Programme) sign off at 23:00 evening with the station ident, Clock ident, caption Do not forget to turn off the TV accompanied by intermittent beeping and test card.

    News

  • 1938-1967: Newsreel intro.
  • 1967-1976: Blue background with "Новости" next to a red star. Still and silent intro.
  • 1976-1990: Blue background with "Новости" moving from right to left, with a stylized "H". Background music was "Time Forward" by Georgy Sviridov.
  • 1990-1991: The letters T, C and H appear to form TCH - Телевизионная служба новостей (Television news service).
  • Clocks

    There was only one clock broadcast.

    Test card

    The UEIT test card was used.

    Colour TV standard

    When colour television was introduced in 1967, the SÉCAM system was chosen. Following the collapse of the USSR, some of its former republics switched to the PAL colour system.

    Finance

    Broadcasting in the USSR was heavily subsidized by the state.

    Advertising

    Advertising - in the form of "commercial" magazine programmes - appeared on Soviet television from the 1980s. However, the command economy had little or no competition between brands, so advertising was limited to informing viewers of the prices and availability of products.

    With perestroika, spot advertising was introduced to CT USSR in order to better cover the system's cost.

    The satirical TV series SCTV did a 1980 episode consisting of skits centered around a Russian satellite colliding with the SCTV satellite and causing Russian TV to be broadcast on SCTV's signal, with Soviet Central Television satirized as '3CCCP1' (Three CP One) and '3CCCP2' ('Three CP Two') and containing further satires of Russian programing with shows like Tibor's Tractor (a farmer has a tractor that is the reincarnation of Khrushchev, spoofing My Mother The Car) Hey Georgy (a man wanders around Russia helping everybody), and a daytime show, Today is Moscow. The episode is featured on SCTV DVD Volume 2.

    References

    Soviet Central Television Wikipedia