Soekarno–Hatta International Airport

History

Used between 1928 and 1985, Kemayoran Airfield was considered unsatisfactory because it was too close to the major Halim Perdanakusuma Indonesian military airport. The civil airspace in the area became increasingly restricted, while air traffic increased rapidly, posing problems for international air traffic. In 1969, a senior communication officers meeting in Bangkok expressed these concerns.

In the early 1970s, with the help of USAID, eight potential locations were analyzed for a new international airport, namely Kemayoran, Malaka, Babakan, Jonggol, Halim, Curug, South Tangerang and North Tangerang. Finally, the North Tangerang site was chosen; it was also noted that Jonggol could be used as an alternative airfield. Meanwhile, as an interim step, the Indonesian government upgraded the Halim Perdanakusumah airfield for use for passenger services. The old Kemayoran site was closed in 1985, and the land was later used for commercial and housing purposes.

Between 1974 and 1975, a Canadian consultant/consortium, consisting of Aviation Planning Services Ltd., ACRESS International Ltd., and Searle Wilbee Rowland (SWR), won a bid for the new airport feasibility project. The feasibility study started on February 20, 1974, with a total cost of 1 million Canadian dollars. The one-year project proceeded with an Indonesian partner represented by PT Konavi. By the end of March 1975, the study revealed a plan to build three inline runways, three international terminal buildings, three domestic buildings and one building for Hajj flights. Three stores for the domestic terminals would be built between 1975 and 1981 at a cost of US$465 million and one domestic terminal including an apron from 1982–1985 at a cost of US$126 million. A new terminal project, named the Jakarta International Airport Cengkareng, began.

Design

The airport's terminal 1 and 2 was designed by Paul Andreu, a French architect who also designed Paris–Charles de Gaulle Airport. One of the characteristics of the airport is the incorporation of the local architecture into the design, and the presence of tropical gardens between the waiting lounges. These unique characteristics earned the airport the 1995 Aga Khan Award for Architecture. The runways run northeast–southwest. There are two parallel runways, on the north and south side. The airport terminal took the plan of spanning fan, with the main entrances of terminals connected to a series of waiting and boarding pavilions via corridors. These waiting and boarding pavilions are connected to the airplanes through boarding bridges. Terminal 1 is in the southern side of the airport, while Terminal 2 and 3 are on the north side.

The airport concept is described as "garden within the airport" or "airport in the garden", as tropical decorative and flower plants fill the spaces between corridors, waiting and boarding pavilions. The boarding pavilions demonstrate local Indonesian vernacular architecture, particularly the roof, in the Javanese stepped-roof pendopo and joglo style. The interior design displays the diversity of Indonesian art and culture, with ethnic decorative elements taken from wooden carvings of Java, Bali, Sumatra, Dayak, Toraja to Papua. Another example is the railings of stairs, doors and gates, which show the kala-makara (giant head and mythical fish-elephant creature) theme typical in ancient Indonesian temples such as Borobudur. Terminal 3, however, has a different architectural style—unlike the ethnic-inspired Indonesian vernacular architecture of terminals 1 and 2, terminal 3 uses the contemporary modern style of large glass windows with metal frames and columns.

Project phases

To allocate the land and also determine the provincial border, time was needed. Authorities at Amsterdam Schiphol airport were consulted about the airport plans, and concluded that the proposal was rather expensive and over-designed. The cost rose because of using a decentralized system. The centralized system was seen as a more suitable option.

The team chose a decentralized system similar to Orly Airport, Lyon Satolas, Hannover Airport and Kansas City Airport due to its simplicity and effectiveness.

On November 12, 1976, the building project tender was won by the French Aeroport de Paris.

On May 18, 1977, the final design was agreed on by the Indonesian government and Aeroport de Paris with a fixed cost of about 22,323,203 French francs and Rp177,156,000 equivalent to 2,100,000 francs. The work was scheduled to take 18 months. The government appointed PT. Konavi as the local partner. The plan included 2 runways with taxiways, one access road in the east and one in the west (closed to public use) for airport services, 3 terminals capable of accommodating 3 million passengers per year, and 1 module for international flights and 2 for domestic. "An airport inside a garden" was chosen as the design idea.

On May 20, 1980, a four-year contract was signed. Sainraptet Brice, SAE, Colas together with PT. Waskita Karya were chosen to be the developers. Ir. Karno Barkah MSc. was appointed the project director, responsible for the airport's construction.

On December 1, 1980, the Indonesian government signed a contract for Rp. 384.8 billion with developers. The cost structure was: Rp140,450,513,000 from the state budget, 1,223,457 francs donated by France and US$15,898,251 from the USA.

On December 1, 1984, the airport structure was completed.

The new airport opened on May 1, 1985 for domestic flights.

The second circular terminal was opened on May 1, 1991 for international operations.

Plans

In the newest masterplan, the capacity of the airport is to be increased from 22 million passengers per annum to 62 million per annum in 2014. The airport will use new theme "Modern Airport With Traditional Sense" for the project. Angkasa Pura II, as the operator, designed Soekarno–Hatta Airport to have 3 passenger terminals, 1 new freight terminal (cargo village) and an 'Integrated Building' (designed to unite terminal one and two) in 2014. Also, there will be an increase in apron capacity from 125 airplanes to 174 airplanes. By 2015, additional upgrades are expected to increase the airport's capacity to 75 million passengers. An airport train from Manggarai Station and a people mover for ground transportation to/from and inside the airport are also in planning.

Angkasa Pura II will spend Rp.11.7 trillion ($1.36 billion) to change the airport into a 'world class' airport which will be called 'aerotropolis', by 2014. In the first stage, Terminal 3 will be expanded and thereafter Terminal 1 and Terminal 2 will be integrated with green walls and the airport will have a convention hall, shopping center, hotel, playground, recreational facilities and parking area for 20,000 vehicles.

To anticipate a surge in passenger numbers, at least a ten percent increase each year, the government is preparing to build a third runway. This was planned to be completed in 2017. If the airport has 3 runways, the service capacity will rise to 623,420 movements per year and it will be able to anticipate growth at least until 2030. The expansion will use about 1,000 hectares (2,500 acres) from 10 villages in the Teluk Naga and Kosambi subdistricts. The expansion plan has been rejected by Tangerang Municipal Government because the residents living around the airport wouldn't be able to earn income for their family. The local government offered another location such as in Balaraja, but Angkasa Pura II corporate secretary said that building a new airport would not be an easy task, as it requires a thorough study. Finally, Angkasa Pura II only use 134 hectares land and appraisal will be used for buy the land. It can be done due to new design for third runway is cross-runway between runway-1 and runway-2, instead of 3 parallel runways.

To accommodate 86 aircraft movements per hour from current 72 movements per hour, so since 2016, the airport authority is developing east cross taxiway with cost Rp 1,150 billion ($86.1 million) to connect existing runway-1 and runway-2 and predicted can be used in 2018.

Due to lack of space to further expand at Soekarno–Hatta International Airport, the government plans to build a new airport around Cikarang and Karawang. The airport would be integrated with the planned Cilamaya International Seaport in Karawang.

Terminals

The land area of the airport is 18 square kilometers (6.9 sq mi). It has two independent parallel 3,600-meter (11,800 ft) long runways connected by two cross taxiways. There are three main terminal buildings; Terminal 1 (domestic flights only), Terminal 2 (all international flights and Sriwijaya Air, NAM Air and Indonesia AirAsia domestic flights) and Terminal 3 (Garuda Indonesia domestic flights). There is also a freight terminal for domestic and international cargo.

After renovations and expansions of Terminal 3, current capacity of Soekarno-Hatta is 51 million, but the airport served 54 million passengers in 2015, making it the 18th busiest airport in the world, and the busiest airport in the Southern Hemisphere. There are nonstop flights to a large number of destinations in Asia and Australia, and several flights to Europe daily, ranking as the 17th most connected airport in the world, and the largest megahub in Asia according to OAG.

Terminal 1

Terminal 1 is the first terminal built, finished in 1985. It is located on the south side of the airport, across from Terminal 2. Terminal 1 has 3 sub-terminals, each equipped with 25 check-in counters, 5 baggage carousels and 7 gates. It has the capacity to handle 9 million passengers per annum.

The gates in Terminal 1 have a prefix of A, B or C. The gates are A1–A7, B1–B7 and C1–C7. In the newest masterplan, Terminal 1 will have its capacity increased to 18 million passengers per annum. Terminal 1 is used for domestic flights except for those operated by Garuda Indonesia, Sriwijaya Air, NAM Air and Indonesia AirAsia.

Terminal 2

Terminal 2 is the second terminal built, completed in 1991, and is located on the west-northern side of the airport, across from Terminal 1. Like Terminal 1, it has three sub-terminals, labeled D through F, each with seven gates and 25 check-in counters. Terminal 2D is home to all international operations out of Soekarno-Hatta, while Terminal 2E are home to Garuda Indonesia's international flights and SkyTeam members, and Terminal 2F is home to Sriwijaya Air, NAM Air, and Indonesia Air Asia domestic flights.

With a capacity of 9 million passengers per annum, Terminal 2 is struggling to keep up with the increasing number of passengers that travel through it each day. Expansions and upgrades will increase the capacity to 19 million per annum, while the opening of Terminal 3 Ultimate, which will house Garuda Indonesia and SkyTeam, will help to relieve the over-capacity problem at Terminal 2.

Terminal 3

Terminal 3 is the third terminal built, opened in 2016 and to be completed in 2017, and is located on the east-northern side of the airport. The terminal has a different style than terminals 1 and 2, using an eco-friendly contemporary modern design with a traditional sense. It currently houses the Garuda Indonesia domestic flights until further completion when all international flights (except budget carriers) will be moved here.

The former Terminal 3, with a capacity of 4 million passengers per annum, had 30 check-in counters, 6 baggage carousels and 3 gates with two jet bridges. Terminal 3 officially opened for international flights on November 15, 2011, when Indonesia AirAsia started using Terminal 3 as its new base for international flights as well as domestic flights. Immigration has cancelled the policy to close the immigration counter in Terminal 3 and the immigration counter in Terminal 3 is still operational, but the plan for a centralized immigration counter in Terminal 2 only is still valid.

The New Terminal 3 (known as "Terminal 3 Ultimate") was formally opened on August 9, 2016. The floor area of the new terminal covers 422,804 m² (4,551,020 sq ft), consists of the main building terminal (331,101 m² (3,563,940 sq ft)), the parking building (85,578 m² (921,150 sq ft)) and the VVIP passengers building (6,124 m² (65,920 sq ft)), with 28 gates, 112 check-in counters and 48 aerobridges. At its commencement, it only serves all Garuda Indonesia flights. Some international flights are aimed to move into Terminal 3 (with the exception of budget airlines and Lion Air) by March 2017.

The building of the New Terminal 3 has no connection with the building of the old Terminal 3. The older Terminal 3 will be renovated with a connection to be built between the old and new terminals.

The Terminal 3 serves as a destination terminal and also as a transit terminal with 10 international gates, 20 domestic gates and 10 bus gates. It is slated to be larger than Changi Airport Terminal 3, Singapore which is the benchmark for SHIA.

Terminal 3 is equipped with BHS level 5 to detect bombs and directly move into blankets, an Airport Security System (ASS) which can control up to 600 CCTVs to detect faces who are available in the security register, an Intelligence Building Management System (IBMS) which can control uses of water and electricity (ecogreen), rain water system to produce clean water from rain, a recycled water system to produce toilet water from used toilet water, and illumination technology control to illuminate the terminal depending on the weather surrounding the terminal. The Terminal 3 expansion area will span 1.2 kilometers and the apron will be able to serve 40 aircraft. When finished, T3 will be an aerotropolis terminal.

Terminal 3 has WiFi access of speeds up to 50Mbit/s, the fastest among all airports in the world. It is free access for an initial 15 minutes and then should passengers will be able to pay Rp 5,000 per hour.

Terminal 3 will be able to serve 60 airplanes from the current 40 airplanes. After the expansion has been completed, Terminal 1 and Terminal 2 will be revitalized, so that all the three terminals will finally be able to accommodate 67 million passengers a year.

Freight Terminal

The freight terminal is located on the east side of terminal 1. This terminal was used to handle cargo at the Soekarno–Hatta International Airport, both domestic and international cargo. In the newest master plan, the freight terminal will move to the west side of terminal 2 and have a larger capacity than the current terminal.

Busiest routes

Jakarta – Singapore is one of the world's busiest international air routes ; passenger numbers of this route is growing fast. It was the 2nd busiest international route in Asia after Hong Kong – Taipei in 2015. Singapore Airlines alone operates more than 70 weekly flights between Jakarta & Singapore . Jakarta Soekarno-Hatta-Surabaya route is ranked 9th busiest in the world by IATA in 2016.

New traffic procedure

To ease congestion, the airport authority implemented a new traffic procedure, the 72 Improved Runway Capacity (IRC 72), to handle 72 planes per hour. This limited a plane to 30–45 minutes only for arrival and unloading of passengers, to allow other planes to use the parking space. Gradually it has been implemented and on June 26, 2014 IRC 72 has been implemented full for the period of 00:00am to 01:30am, 02:00am to 10:00am and 11:30pm to 00:00am with occupancy periods for aircraft are reduced from 110 seconds to 90 seconds of takeoff and from 65 seconds to 50 seconds for landing. The low time is from 04:00pm to 10:00pm with only maximum 32 flights/hour. By 2015, IRC 72 will become IRC 86 with the opening of the new terminal. As a comparison, London Heathrow Airport, which has 2 runways like SHIA, can handle 100 flights per hour, so the target for SHIA has been revised to 92 flights per hour by 2015.

Airport facilities

Terminals 1 and 2 were designed to resemble a traditional joglo Javanese construction. The approach has been emphasized by the inclusion of well-maintained gardens located near all boarding areas. Terminal 3 and other new airport buildings use an eco-friendly and modern design.

Aircraft maintenance

Maintenance facilities for aircraft in Soekarno–Hatta International Airport are supported by GMF AeroAsia (Garuda Maintenance Facility). They include 480,000 square meters (5,200,000 sq ft) of built-up structures, including four hangars, a spares warehouse, workshops, utility buildings, a ground support equipment building, chemical stores, an engine test cell, and management offices. In addition, GMF AeroAsia has an apron capable of handling up to 50 aircraft, taxiways, a run-up bay and a waste treatment area, taking up 1,150,000 square meters (12,400,000 sq ft).

Hangar 1 was built in 1991 and was designed for Boeing 747's. It has two full docks and is 22,000 square meters (240,000 sq ft). Hangar 2 is 23,000 square meters (250,000 sq ft) and has 3 aircraft bays. It can perform minor A and B checks. It can hold up to one narrow body and one wide body jet. Hangar 3 is also 23,000 square meters (250,000 sq ft). It normally holds up to 3 narrow body aircraft, but can be configured to hold up to one wide body and one narrow body. It has 7 bays with 4 full docks, 6 roof-mounted cranes and one bay designed for McDonnell Douglas MD-11's, McDonnell Douglas DC-10's, and wide body Airbus A330's aircraft. Hangar 4 is 67,022 square meters (721,420 sq ft). The Hangar 4 was opened in 2015 and was designed for narrow body aircraft like B737s and A320s. It can handle 16 narrow body aircraft in one time.

Golf course

There is a golf course at the Soekarno–Hatta International Airport supported by the Cengkareng Golf Club. The golf course has been open since 1999. It is located on the left side of the airport main gate by the Sheraton Bandara Hotel. The Cengkareng Golf Club is in the 102-hectare (250-acre) Soewarna Business Park at Soekarno–Hatta International Airport. In 2005 and 2008, this golf course was used for Indonesia Open, a part of the PGA European Tour. There are 18 holes in the golf course.

Airport hotel

Soekarno–Hatta International Airport has a hotel, the Sheraton Airport Hotel. The Sheraton Airport Hotel, which is located on the left side of the main exit road from the airport, has 4 floors with 220 guest rooms. The airport now has other hotels, including budget such as Ibis Styles, Pop! Hotels, Swiss-Belhotel, Orchard Hotel, Swiss-Belinn, Ibis Budget and Amaris as an alternative.

Lounges

There are five airport lounges in the departure area. The Jasa Angkasa Semesta (JAS) Lounge is available for first and business class passengers of Cathay Pacific, Qantas, EVA Air, Saudia, and Singapore Airlines. The Pura Indah Lounge is available for first and business class passengers of Singapore Airlines, KLM, Malaysia Airlines, Emirates, Cathay Pacific, and China Airlines. The new Garuda Indonesia lounge is available for their business class and first class passengers only, as well as GECC and GarudaMiles gold and above cardholders. The BNI Executive Lounge is located next to the Garuda Indonesia Lounge, the lounge serve passengers from all airlines. Other lounges are available outside of the departures area, operated by companies such as Indosat, Sapphire, PT Mandara Jasindo Sena, Telkomsel, and XL Axiata. Since 2013, the only lounge in Terminal 1 was opened named Batik Air Business Class Lounge inside the waiting room C7.

Shopping area

There are shopping areas available in all terminals at Soekarno–Hatta International Airport. Duty-free shops, souvenir shops, restaurants and a cafeteria can be found there. There is a new "Shopping Arcade" located in terminal 1C. There are no shops in the arrival zones of the terminals.

Reading corners

21 reading corners are located in the waiting rooms of Terminal 2D, 2E and 2F.

WiFi

3 WiFi networks are provided by Lintasarta, Internux (via YelloChat Free WiFi) and Telkom Indonesia at the airport. The three networks allow users to connect to another network if a specific one is operational

Since November 2013, Terminal 2 has free WiFi covering the whole terminal and free WiFi for Terminal 1 is servicing as of July 2014. Terminal 3 now has free WiFi covering since November 2014.

Smoking garden

To handle the overcrowding of smoking rooms being used, airport authorities has drawn up plans to build a smoking area in a garden near the rest area in Terminal 1A. It will be operated in January 2015 and it will be developed to other terminals, if necessary.

Other facilities

The airport contains the head office of Garuda Indonesia, Garuda Indonesia Management Building, located within the Garuda Indonesia City Center. Angkasa Pura II's head office is on the airport property.

Ground transportation

There are several transportation options available for access to the airport: local airport terminal shuttles, buses, taxi services of various kinds, and cars.

Inter-terminal shuttle transportation

Soekarno–Hatta International Airport provides a free shuttle bus which connects Terminals 1, 2 and 3.

Inter-terminal rail transportation

In 2013, the Indonesian government announced that it will build a people mover to connect Terminals 1, 2, and 3. It will be an automated train. It will complete together with airport railway on early 2017.

Buses

Several bus companies provide services to various destinations from the airport. Travel time to and from the center of Jakarta (at the Gambir railway station) takes around 70 minutes, depending on traffic. Buses to the airport leave from the various terminals in central Jakarta (Gambir) and surrounding areas. Airport shuttle bus can be found at arrival hall of Terminal 1A–1B–1C, on the eastern wing of arrival hall of Terminal 2F and in front of departure hall of Terminal 3.

Taxis and other services

Various taxi and shuttle services are provided by several operators.

Cars

The airport is connected to Jakarta's city center via the Prof. Dr. Sedyatmo Toll Road. There is extensive car parking, including long-stay facilities, at the airport.

Rail

Finally, PT Railink, a subsidiary of PT Angkasa Pura II (Persero) and PT Kereta Api Indonesia decided to use existing track between Batu Ceper station, Tangerang to Manggarai station. A new 12 kilometer track is being built between Tangerang and the new airport station, and totally the track spans 36.3 kilometers. In mid-March 2017, construction of integrated building has been finished 94.2 percent and predicted will be finished in end of this month. Integrated building will be used as rail airport station to inside/outside the airport and also Skytrain station for people mover use driverless light train (Automated People Mover System) connects among terminals. But, the other new station, Sudirman Baru Station just only builds the foundation, so predicted in July-2017, the train will be operated to serve 35,000 passengers with 122 trips a day. Due to Manggarai station not being ready as a major station, Dukuh Atas station or Kota station will be a temporary start/end station.

The government is also planning a 33-kilometer (21 mi) express line between the Manggarai station and the airport via Angke and Pluit to be built by an investor as a public–private partnership. To realize the demand from the Halim Perdanakusuma Airport, the route has been extended from Manggarai to Halim and the new route has been agreed upon by the Transportation Ministry Regulation. The express train will take 30 minutes to connect the airports. In early 2015, government changed the fund from participation to not funding at all, so the contract for Rp 28 billion will be revised, including new rail express tariff. The construction of this line has been delay and completion is now projected to be in 2019 at the earliest.

Accidents and incidents

Awards

In 1995, the Landscaping of Soekarno-Hatta airport was awarded by Aga Khan Award for Architecture as one of the best example of integrating the terminal building pavilions, with lush tropical garden harmoniously.

Soekarno–Hatta International Airport was ranked fourth on the Skytrax World's Most Improved Airport 2014 list based on surveys of 12.85 million passengers from 110 countries. Skytrax also ranked Soekarno–Hatta International Airport as a 3-Star Airport.

In 2017, Soekarno–Hatta International Airport was ranked first on the Skytrax World's Most Improved Airport 2017.