Simin Liu

Biography

He earned his medical degree from Jinan University in China in 1991. He then earned his M.S in epidemiology from State University of New York at Albany in 1993. Liu then received his masters in public health (MPH) and doctoral degrees (ScD) in both epidemiology and nutrition from Harvard University in 1998. Between 1993 and 1995, Liu also completed a fellowship in public health and preventive medicine in the Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS) program at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

Dr. Simin Liu is currently Professor of Epidemiology at the School of Public Health and Professor of Medicine at the Alpert School of Medicine. Prior to joining the Brown faculty, Dr. Liu was the founding director of the UCLA Burroughs Wellcome Fund (BWF) Inter-school Program in Metabolic Diseases and the Center for Metabolic Disease Prevention. From 2005-2013, he served as Professor of Epidemiology, Medicine, and Ob/Gyn at UCLA. From 1998 to 2005, Dr. Liu served as Instructor, Assistant, and Associate Professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, and Assistant and Associate Professor of Epidemiology at the Harvard School of Public Health. Dr. Liu's research is broadly concerned with the etiology of chronic diseases with an emphasis on identifying and understanding gene-environment interaction. For ~25 years, his work ranging from basic inquiry of the genetic basis for cardiometabolic diseases to molecular epidemiology and clinical risk modeling and interventions has been consistently funded by the National Institute of Health (NIH), the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and private foundations including the American Heart Association (AHA) and the Burroughs-Wellcome Fund. This work has led to the identification of several genetic and biochemical markers and gene-nutrient interactions for diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, including several causal germ-line mutations in the SHBG gene for type 2 diabetes development. Incorporating genotypes and plasma phenotypes into risk prediction, his team was the first to show conclusively the causal role of SHBG in diabetes pathogenesis and validate its clinical utilities in diverse human populations, opening a new path for early detection and risk management of the disease. Using biomarkers for dietary carbohydrates, Dr. Liu was among the first to validate dietary glycemic load (GL) in population-based studies and prospectively link high GL to increased cardiovascular risk. Since 1998, he has developed and taught six graduate courses in Epidemiology, Genetics, and Nutrition and directly supervised approximately 85 medical, graduate, and postdoctoral fellows at Harvard, UCLA, and Brown. Dr. Liu is an elected fellow of several prestigious medical honor societies including the American Heart Association (FAHA), American Society of Clinical Investigation (ASCI), and American Epidemiological Society (AES). He has served on several national and international committees and advisory board for the NIH, the CDC, the Chinese CDC, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and Canadian Foundation for Innovation, the British Medical Research Councils (MRC), and the World Health Organization (WHO) addressing policy issues in both medicine and public health. Since coming to Brown in 2013, he has served on numerous faculty committees including senior faculty appointment and promotion committees at both the public health school and the Alpert medical school.

Research

Dr Liu's research has several thematic focuses of public health importance. The first is in the investigation of genetic, nutritional, and environmental influences and their interactions as potential determinants for health and chronic diseases. The second related area is in the critical and systematic assessment of relative mediating effects of these potential determinants for cardiometabolic disorders and their distributions in diverse populations. The third area is to apply knowledge gained through work in the first two areas to improve understanding of health and diseases for both individuals and populations. Collaborating with colleagues in the Departments of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, Medicine, and other departments at Brown University and elsewhere. Dr. Liu's laboratory conducts research mainly in the United States, though the group has had research collaborations, teaching, and service activities in six of the Seven Continents.

Books, monographs, chapters, and textbooks

Partial List:

1. Liu S. Evaluation of the behavioral risk factor surveillance system for annual estimation of the prevalence of alcohol misuse in US adults: Epidemiology Program Office (EPO), CDC; 1994.
2. Contributing writer in J Brand-Miller GN, G Slama, and V Lang eds. Glycemic Index and Health: the Quality of the Evidence. John Libbey Eurotext, Montrouge, France 2001.
3. Liu S, McManus K, Carlino J. Healing Gourmet Eat to Fight Cancer: McGraw-Hill; 2006.
4. Liu S, Willett WC. Dietary Carbohydrates I. In: UpToDate: Rose, BD (Ed), UpToDate; 2006-2016.
5. Chao C, Liu S. Diabetes Mellitus Treatment. In: Heggenhougen K, Quah S, eds. International Encyclopedia of Public Health: San Diego, CA: Academic Press; 2008:153- 60.
6. Ford E, Liu S. Insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease. In: Hansen B, Bray G, eds. The Metabolic Syndrome: Its Epidemiology, Clinical Treatment, and Underlying Mechanisms. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press; 2008:75-84.
7. McKeown N, Serdula M, Liu S. Whole grains, carbohydrates, and related dietary patterns in relation to weight gain. In: Whole Grains and Health edited by Marquart L, Jacobs D, McIntosh G, Poutanen K, Reicks M, .
8. Chacko S, Liu S. Vitamin D, calcium, magnesium and other minerals in the development of type 2 diabetes. In: Bernhardt N, Kasko A, eds. Nutrition for the Middle Aged and Elderly. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers; 2008:31-61.
9. Song Y, Zhang C, Liu S. Endothelial Adhesion Molecules in Diabetes. In: Chapter 12. Modern Insights Into Disease from Molecules to Man: Adhesion Molecules. Enfield, New Hampshire: Science Publishers; 2010:183-97.
10. Liu S. Molecular Nutrition and Genetic Epidemiology of Obesity and Diabetes. Course Reader M258. UCLA, 2012.
11. Goto A, Liu S. Caffeine and Type 2 Diabetes. Food and Nutritional Components in Focus No. 2. Caffeine: Chemistry, Analysis, Function and Effects. Royal Society of Chemistry; 2012.
12. Liu S, Song Y. Chapter 7. Micronutrients and diabetes. In: Pereira M ed.Nutrition and Type 2 Diabetes: Etiology and Prevention. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Taylor & Francis Group; 2013:115-172.
13. Lee C, Liu S. Diabetes in Women. In: Goldman M, Troisi R, Rexode K eds. Women & Health. San Diego, CA: Elsevier; 2013.
14. Liu S, Chacko S. Dietary Mg Intake and Biomarkers of Inflammation and Endothelial Dysfunction In:Watson RR, Preedy VR, Ziabdi S. Magnesium in Human Health and Disease. New York, NY: Humana Press; 2013 : 369-381.

Journal Publications

Partial List:

Dietary carbohydrates, glycemic index and glycemic load (including food groups) in relation to health outcomes

1. Liu S. Insulin Resistance, Hyperglycemia and Risk of Major Chronic Diseases—a Dietary Perspective. Proceedings of the Australian Nutrition Society 1998;22:140-50.
2. *Liu S, Stampfer MJ, Hu FB, Giovannucci E, Rimm E, Manson JE, Hennekens CH, Willett WC. Whole-grain consumption and risk of coronary heart disease: results from the Nurses' Health Study. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;70(3):412-9. PMID 10479204
3. Liu S, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Hu FB, Franz M, Sampson L, Hennekens CH, Manson JE. A prospective study of dietary glycemic load, carbohydrate intake, and risk of coronary heart disease in US women. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71(6):1455-61. PMID 10837285
4. Liu S, Manson JE, Lee IM, Cole SR, Hennekens CH, Willett WC, Buring JE. Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of cardiovascular disease: the Women's Health Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;72(4):922-8. PMID 11010932
5. Liu S, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Hu FB, Giovannucci E, Colditz GA, Hennekens CH, Willett WC. A prospective study of whole-grain intake and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in US women. Am J Public Health 2000;90(9):1409-15. PMC 1447620
6. Liu S, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Rexrode KM, Hu FB, Rimm EB, Willett WC. Whole grain consumption and risk of ischemic stroke in women: A prospective study. JAMA 2000;284(12):1534-40. PMID 11000647
7. Ford ES, Liu S. Glycemic index and serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration among us adults. JAMA Int Med 2001;161:572-6. PMID 11252117
8. Liu S, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Holmes MD, Hu FB, Hankinson SE, Willett WC. Dietary glycemic load assessed by food-frequency questionnaire in relation to plasma high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol and fasting plasma triacylglycerols in postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 2001;73:560-6. PMID 11237932
9. Liu S. Intake of refined carbohydrates and whole grain foods in relation to risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease. J Am Coll Nutr 2002;21:298-306. PMID 12166526
10. Liu S, Buring JE, Sesso HD, Rimm EB, Willett WC, Manson JE. A prospective study of dietary fiber intake and risk of cardiovascular disease among women. JACC 2002;39:49-56. PMID 11755286
11. Liu S, Manson JE, Buring JE, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Ridker PM. Relation between a diet with a high glycemic load and plasma concentrations of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in middle-aged women. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;75:492-8. PMID 11864854
12. Liu S, Schmitz C, Stampfer MJ, Sacks F, Hennekens CH, Lindpaintner K, Ridker PM. A prospective study of TaqIB polymorphism in the gene coding for cholesteryl ester transfer protein and risk of myocardial infarction in middle-aged men. Atherosclerosis 2002;161:469-74. PMID 11888533
13. Liu S, Manson JE. Dietary carbohydrates, physical inactivity, obesity, and the 'metabolic syndrome' as predictors of coronary heart disease. Curr Opin Lipidol 2001;12:395-404. PMID 11507324
14. Liu S, Willett WC. Dietary glycemic load and atherothrombotic risk. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2002;4:454-61. PMID 12361493
15. Michaud DS, Liu S, Giovannucci E, Willett WC, Colditz GA, Fuchs CS. Dietary sugar, glycemic load, and pancreatic cancer risk in a prospective study. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002;94:1293-300. PMID 12208894
16. Liu S. Whole-grain foods, dietary fiber, and type 2 diabetes: searching for a kernel of truth. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;77:527-9.
17. Janket SJ, Manson JE, Sesso H, Buring JE, Liu S. A prospective study of sugar intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in women. Diabetes Care 2003;26:1008-15. PMID 12663565
18. Liu S, Sesso HD, Manson JE, Willett WC, Buring JE. Is intake of breakfast cereals related to total and cause-specific mortality in men? Am J Clin Nutr 2003;77:594-9. PMID 12600848
19. Liu S, Willett WC, Manson JE, Hu FB, Rosner B, Colditz G. Relation between changes in intakes of dietary fiber and grain products and changes in weight and development of obesity among middle-aged women. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;78:920-7. PMID 14594777
20. Pereira MA, Liu S. Types of carbohydrates and risk of cardiovascular disease. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2003;12:115-22. PMID 12737710
21. Gross LS, Li L, Ford ES, Liu S. Increased consumption of refined carbohydrates and the epidemic of type 2 diabetes in the United States: an ecologic assessment. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;79:774-9. PMID 15113714
22. He K, Hu FB, Colditz GA, Manson JE, Willett WC, Liu S. Changes in intake of fruits and vegetables in relation to risk of obesity and weight gain among middle-aged women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2004;28:1569-74. PMID 15467774
23. Higginbotham S, Zhang ZF, Lee IM, Cook NR, Buring JE, Liu S. Dietary glycemic load and breast cancer risk in the Women's Health Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2004;13:65-70. PMC 4166477
24. Higginbotham S, Zhang ZF, Lee IM, Cook NR, Giovannucci E, Buring JE, Liu S. Dietary glycemic load and risk of colorectal cancer in the Women's Health Study. J Natl Cancer Inst 2004;96:229-33. PMC 4165491
25. Holmes MD, Liu S, Hankinson SE, Colditz GA, Hunter DJ, Willett WC. Dietary carbohydrates, fiber, and breast cancer risk. Am J Epidemiol 2004;159:732-9. PMID 15051582
26. Schaumberg DA, Liu S, Seddon JM, Willett WC, Hankinson SE. Dietary glycemic load and risk of age-related cataract. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;80:489-95. PMID 15277175
27. Schulze MB, Liu S, Rimm EB, Manson JE, Willett WC, Hu FB. Glycemic index, glycemic load, and dietary fiber intake and incidence of type 2 diabetes in younger and middle-aged women. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;80:348-56. PMID 15277155
28. Song Y, Manson JE, Buring JE, Liu S. A prospective study of red meat consumption and type 2 diabetes in middle-aged and elderly women: the women's health study. Diabetes Care 2004;27:2108-15. PMID 15333470
29. Bazzano LA, Serdula M, Liu S. Prevention of type 2 diabetes by diet and lifestyle modification. J Am Coll Nutr 2005;24:310-9. PMID 16192254
30. Bazzano LA, Song Y, Bubes V, Good CK, Manson JE, Liu S. Dietary intake of whole and refined grain breakfast cereals and weight gain in men. Obes Res 2005;13:1952-60. PMID 16339127
31. Liu S. Lowering dietary glycemic load for weight control and cardiovascular health: a matter of quality. Arch Intern Med 2006;166:1438-9. PMID 16864751
32. Liu S, Choi HK, Ford E, Song Y, Klevak A, Buring JE, Manson JE. A prospective study of dairy intake and the risk of type 2 diabetes in women. Diabetes Care 2006;29:1579-84. PMID 16801582
33. Zhang C, Liu S, Solomon CG, Hu FB. Dietary fiber intake, dietary glycemic load, and the risk for gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2006;29:2223-30. PMID 17003297
34. Liu S, Chou EL. Dietary glycemic load and type 2 diabetes: modeling the glucose-raising potential of carbohydrates for prevention. Am J Clin Nutr 2010;92:675-7.
35. Englyst KN, Liu S, Englyst HN. Nutritional characterization and measurement of dietary carbohydrates. Eur J Clin Nutr 2007;61:S19-39.

Micronutrients and minerals in relation to health outcomes

1. Liu S, Lee IM, Ajani U, Cole SR, Buring JE, Manson JE. Intake of vegetables rich in carotenoids and risk of coronary heart disease in men: The Physicians' Health Study. Int J Epidemiol 2001;30:130-5. PMID 11171873
2. Liu S, Ajani U, Chae C, Hennekens C, Buring JE, Manson JE. Long-term beta-carotene supplementation and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1999;282(11):1073-5. PMID 10493207
3. Sesso HD, Gaziano JM, Liu S, Buring JE. Flavonoid intake and the risk of cardiovascular disease in women. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;77:1400-8. PMID 12791616
4. Sesso HD, Liu S, Gaziano JM, Buring JE. Dietary lycopene, tomato-based food products and cardiovascular disease in women. J Nutr 2003;133:2336-41. PMID 12840203
5. Liu S, Song Y, Ford ES, Manson JE, Buring JE, Ridker PM. Dietary calcium, vitamin D, and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in middle-aged and older United States women. Diabetes Care 2005;28:2926-32. PMID 16306556
6. Song Y, Manson JE, Buring JE, Sesso HD, Liu S. Associations of dietary flavonoids with risk of type 2 diabetes, and markers of insulin resistance and systemic inflammation in women: a prospective study and cross-sectional analysis. J Am Coll Nutr 2005;24:376- 84. PMID 16192263
7. Song Y, Manson JE, Buring JE, Liu S. Dietary magnesium intake in relation to plasma insulin levels and risk of type 2 diabetes in women. Diabetes Care 2004;27:59-65. PMID 14693967
8. Song Y, Manson JE, Cook NR, Albert CM, Buring JE, Liu S. Dietary magnesium intake and risk of cardiovascular disease among women. Am J Cardiol 2005;96:1135-41. PMID 16214452
9. Song Y, Ridker PM, Manson JE, Cook NR, Buring JE, Liu S. Magnesium intake, C- reactive protein, and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in middle-aged and older United States women. Diabetes Care 2005;28:1438-44. PMID 15920065
10. Liu S, Lee IM, Song Y, Van Denburgh M, Cook NR, Manson JE, Buring JE. Vitamin E and risk of type 2 diabetes in the women's health study randomized controlled trial. Diabetes 2006;55:2856-62. PMID 17003353
11. Song Y, He K, Levitan EB, Manson JE, Liu S. Effects of oral magnesium supplementation on glycaemic control in Type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized double-blind controlled trials. Diabet Med 2006;23:1050-6. PMID 16978367
12. Song Y, Sesso HD, Manson JE, Cook NR, Buring JE, Liu S. Dietary magnesium intake and risk of incident hypertension among middle-aged and older US women in a 10-year follow-up study. Am J Cardiol 2006;98:1616-21. PMID 17145221
13. Wang L, Liu S, Manson JE, Gaziano JM, Buring JE, Sesso HD. The consumption of lycopene and tomato-based food products is not associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes in women. J Nutr 2006;136:620-5. PMID 16484534
14. Wang L, Liu S, Pradhan AD, Manson JE, Buring JE, Gaziano JM, Sesso HD. Plasma lycopene, other carotenoids, and the risk of type 2 diabetes in women. Am J Epidemiol 2006;164:576-85. PMID 16801375
15. Ford ES, Li C, McGuire LC, Mokdad AH, Liu S. Intake of dietary magnesium and the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among United States adults. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007;15:1139-46.
16. Christen WG, Liu S, Glynn RJ, Gaziano JM, Buring JE. Dietary carotenoids, vitamins C and E, and risk of cataract in women: a prospective study. Arch Ophthalmol 2008;126:102-9. PMC2396535
17. Ma Y, Hebert JR, Li W, Bertone-Johnson ER, Olendzki B, Pagoto SL, Tinker L, Rosal MC, Ockene IS, Ockene JK, Griffith JA, Liu S. Association between dietary fiber and markers of systemic inflammation in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study. Nutrition 2008;24:941-9. PMC2603616
18. Chacko SA, Song Y, Manson JE, Van Horn L, Eaton C, Martin LW, McTiernan A, Curb JD, Wylie-Rosett J, Phillips LS, Plodkowski RA, Liu S. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in relation to cardiometabolic risk factors and metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 2011;94:209-17. PMC3127524
19. Chacko SA, Sul J, Song Y, Li X, LeBlanc J, You Y, Butch A, Liu S. Magnesium supplementation, metabolic and inflammatory markers, and global genomic and proteomic profiling: a randomized, double-blind, controlled, crossover trial in overweight individuals. Am J Clin Nutr 2011;93:463-73. PMC3021435
20. Eaton CB, Young A, Allison MA, Robinson J, Martin LW, Kuller LH, Johnson KC, Curb JD, Van Horn L, McTiernan A, Liu S, Manson JE. Prospective association of vitamin D concentrations with mortality in postmenopausal women: results from the Women's Health Initiative (WHI). Am J Clin Nutr 2011;94:1471-8. PMCID PMC3252547
21. Bertone-Johnson ER, Powers SI, Spangler L, Larson J, Michael YL, Millen AE, Bueche MN, Salmoirago-Blotcher E, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Brunner RL, Ockene I, Ockene JK, Liu S, Manson JE. Vitamin D Supplementation and Depression in the Women's Health Initiative Calcium and Vitamin D Trial. Am J Epidemiol 2012;176:1-13. PMC3385159.
22. Song Y, Liu S. Magnesium for cardiovascular health: time for intervention. Am J Clin Nutr 2012;95:269-70.
23. Lin X, Zhang IL, Li A, Wang L and Liu S. Cocoa Flavonoid Supplements and Cardio-metabolic Disease Prevention: A Promising Preventive Nutraceutical. Current Trends in Nutraceuticals. Vol 1.1. 2015

Genetic and Biochemical markers in relation to health outcomes

1. Liu S, Schmitz C, Stampfer MJ, Sacks F, Hennekens CH, Lindpaintner K, Ridker PM. A prospective study of TaqIB polymorphism in the gene coding for cholesteryl ester transfer protein and risk of myocardial infarction in middle-aged men. Atherosclerosis 2002;161:469-74. PMID 11888533
2. Liu S, Song Y, Hu FB, Niu T, Ma J, Gaziano M, Stampfer MJ. A prospective study of the APOA1 XmnI and APOC3 SstI polymorphisms in the APOA1/C3/A4 gene cluster and risk of incident myocardial infarction in men. Atherosclerosis 2004;177:119-26. PMID 15488874
3. Song Y, Niu T, Manson JE, Kwiatkowski DJ, Liu S. Are variants in the CAPN10 gene related to risk of type 2 diabetes? A quantitative assessment of population and family- based association studies. Am J Hum Genet 2004;74:208-22. PMC1181919
4. Song Y, Stampfer MJ, Liu S. Meta-analysis: apolipoprotein E genotypes and risk for coronary heart disease. Ann Intern Med 2004;141:137-47. PMID 15262670
5. Ford ES, Mokdad AH, Ajani UA, Liu S. Associations between concentrations of alpha- and gamma-tocopherol and concentrations of glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin, insulin and C-peptide among US adults. Br J Nutr 2005;93:249-55. PMID 15788118
6. Ford ES, Mokdad AH, Liu S. Healthy Eating Index and C-reactive protein concentration: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III, 1988-1994. Eur J Clin Nutr 2005;59:278-83. PMID 15494735
7. Hao K, Liu S, Niu T. A sparse marker extension tree algorithm for selecting the best set of haplotype tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms. Genet Epidemiol 2005;29:336-52. PMC2712933
8. Levitan EB, Ridker PM, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Buring JE, Cook NR, Liu S. Association between consumption of beer, wine, and liquor and plasma concentration of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in women aged 39 to 89 years. Am J Cardiol 2005;96:83-8. PMID 15979440
9. Ding EL, Song Y, Malik VS, Liu S. Sex differences of endogenous sex hormones and risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2006;295:1288- 99. PMID 16537739
10. Ford ES, Schleicher RL, Mokdad AH, Ajani UA, Liu S. Distribution of serum concentrations of alpha-tocopherol and gamma-tocopherol in the US population. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;84:375-83. PMID 16895886
11. Ding EL, Song Y, Manson JE, Rifai N, Buring JE, Liu S. Plasma sex steroid hormones and risk of developing type 2 diabetes in women: a prospective study. Diabetologia 2007;50:2076-84. PMID 17701157
12. Liu S, Tinker L, Song Y, Rifai N, Bonds DE, Cook NR, Heiss G, Howard BV, Hotamisligil GS, Hu FB, Kuller LH, Manson JE. A prospective study of inflammatory cytokines and diabetes mellitus in a multiethnic cohort of postmenopausal women. Arch Intern Med 2007;167:1676-85. PMID 17495189
13. Qi L, Liu S, Rifai N, Hunter D, Hu FB. Associations of the apolipoprotein A1/C3/A4/A5 gene cluster with triglyceride and HDL cholesterol levels in women with type 2 diabetes. Atherosclerosis 2007;192:204-10.
14. Song Y, Manson JE, Tinker L, Howard BV, Kuller LH, Nathan L, Rifai N, Liu S. Insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion determined by homeostasis model assessment and risk of diabetes in a multiethnic cohort of women: the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study. Diabetes Care 2007;30:1747-52. PMC1952235
15. Song Y, Manson JE, Tinker L, Rifai N, Cook NR, Hu FB, Hotamisligil GS, Ridker PM, Rodriguez BL, Margolis KL, Oberman A, Liu S. Circulating levels of endothelial adhesion molecules and risk of diabetes in an ethnically diverse cohort of women. Diabetes 2007;56:1898-904. PMC1952236
16. Song Y, You NC, Hsu YH, Sul J, Wang L, Tinker L, Eaton CB, Liu S. Common genetic variation in calpain-10 gene (CAPN10) and diabetes risk in a multi-ethnic cohort of American postmenopausal women. Hum Mol Genet 2007;16:2960-71.
17. Hsu YH, Niu T, Song Y, Tinker L, Kuller LH, Liu S. Genetic variants in the UCP2-UCP3 gene cluster and risk of diabetes in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study. Diabetes 2008;57:1101-7.
18. Levitan EB, Cook NR, Stampfer MJ, Ridker PM, Rexrode KM, Buring JE, Manson JE, Liu S. Dietary glycemic index, dietary glycemic load, blood lipids, and C-reactive protein. Metabolism 2008;57:437-43. PMC2262400
19. Levitan EB, Liu S, Stampfer MJ, Cook NR, Rexrode KM, Ridker PM, Buring JE, Manson JE. HbA1c measured in stored erythrocytes and mortality rate among middle-aged and older women. Diabetologia 2008;51:267-75. PMC2757266
20. Ma Y, Hebert JR, Li W, Bertone-Johnson ER, Olendzki B, Pagoto SL, Tinker L, Rosal MC, Ockene IS, Ockene JK, Griffith JA, Liu S. Association between dietary fiber and markers of systemic inflammation in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study. Nutrition 2008;24:941-9. PMC2603616
21. Song Y, You NC, Hsu YH, Howard BV, Langer RD, Manson JE, Nathan L, Niu T, L FT, Liu S. FTO polymorphisms are associated with obesity but not diabetes risk in postmenopausal women. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008;16:2472-80. PMC2732012
22. Chen BH, Song Y, Ding EL, Roberts CK, Manson JE, Rifai N, Buring JE, Gaziano JM, Liu S. Circulating levels of resistin and risk of type 2 diabetes in men and women: results from two prospective cohorts. Diabetes Care 2009;32:329-34. PMC2628703
23. *Ding EL, Song Y, Manson JE, Hunter DJ, Lee CC, Rifai N, Buring JE, Gaziano JM, Liu S. Sex hormone-binding globulin and risk of type 2 diabetes in women and men. N Engl J Med 2009;361:1152-63. PMC2774225
24. Lee CC, You NC, Song Y, Hsu YH, Manson J, Nathan L, Tinker L, Liu S. Relation of genetic variation in the gene coding for C-reactive protein with its plasma protein concentrations: findings from the Women's Health Initiative Observational Cohort. Clin Chem 2009;55:351-60. PMC2856608
25. Pitteri SJ, Hanash SM, Aragaki A, Amon LM, Chen L, Busald Buson T, Paczesny S, Katayama H, Wang H, Johnson MM, Zhang Q, McIntosh M, Wang P, Kooperberg C, Rossouw JE, Jackson RD, Manson JE, Hsia J, Liu S, Prentice RL. Postmenopausal estrogen and progestin effects on the serum proteome. Genome Med 2009;1:121. PMC2808737
26. Song Y, Hsu YH, Niu T, Manson JE, Buring JE, Liu S. Common genetic variants of the ion channel transient receptor potential membrane melastatin 6 and 7 (TRPM6 and TRPM7), magnesium intake, and risk of type 2 diabetes in women. BMC Med Genet 2009;10:4. PMC2637850
27. Chacko SA, Song Y, Nathan L, Tinker L, de Boer IH, Tylavsky F, Wallace R, Liu S. Relations of dietary magnesium intake to biomarkers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in an ethnically diverse cohort of postmenopausal women. Diabetes Care 2010;33:304-10. PMC2809271
28. Chan KH, Song Y, Hsu YH, You NC, L FT, Liu S. Common genetic variants in fatty acid- binding protein-4 (FABP4) and clinical diabetes risk in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2010;18:1812-20. PMC3192651
29. Chao C, Song Y, Cook N, Tseng CH, Manson JE, Eaton C, Margolis KL, Rodriguez B, Phillips LS, Tinker LF, Liu S. The lack of utility of circulating biomarkers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction for type 2 diabetes risk prediction among postmenopausal women: the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study. Arch Intern Med 2010;170:1557-65. PMC3127580
30. Chen BH, Song Y, Ding EL, Manson JE, Roberts CK, Rifai N, Buring JE, Gaziano JM, Liu S. Association of resistin promoter polymorphisms with plasma resistin levels and type 2 diabetes in women and men. Int J Mol Epidemiol Genet 2010;1:167-74. PMC2992359
31. Li C, Ford ES, Li B, Giles WH, Liu S. Association of testosterone and sex hormone- binding globulin with metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance in men. Diabetes Care 2010;33:1618-24. PMC2890370
32. Chan KH, Brennan K, You NC, Lu X, Song Y, Hsu YH, Chaudhuri G, Nathan L, Tinker L, Liu S. Common variations in the genes encoding C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-6, and the risk of clinical diabetes in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study. Clin Chem 2011;57:317-25. PMC3057051
33. You NY, Chen BH, Song Y, Lu X, Chen Y, Manson JE, Kang M, Howard BV, Margolis KL, Curb JD, Phillips LS, Stefanick ML, Tinker LF, Liu S. A prospective study of leukocyte telomere length and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in postmenopausal women. Diabetes 2012;61:2998-3004. PMC3478524.
34. Chen BH, Brennan K, Goto A, Song Y, Aziz N, You NY, Wellons MF, Manson JE, White DL, Butch AW, Liu S. Sex hormone-binding globulin and risk of clinical diabetes in American Black, Hispanic, and Asian/Pacific Islander postmenopausal women. Clinical Chemistry 2012;58:1457-66. PMC4088986
35. Coviello AD, Haring R, Wellons M, Vaidya D, Lehtimäki T, Keildson S, Lunetta KL, He C, Fornage M, Lagou V, Mangino M, Onland-Moret NC, Chen B, Eriksson J, Garcia M, Liu YM, Koster A, Lohman K, Lyytikäinen LP, Petersen AK, Prescott J, Stolk L, Vandenput L, Wood AR, Zhuang WV, Ruokonen A, Hartikainen AL, Pouta A, Bandinelli S, Biffar R, Brabant G, Cox DG, Chen Y, Cummings S, Ferrucci L, Gunter MJ, Hankinson SE, Martikainen H, Hofman A, Homuth G, Illig T, Jansson JO, Johnson AD, Karasik D, Karlsson M, Kettunen J, Kiel DP, Kraft P, Liu J, Ljunggren Ö, Lorentzon M, Maggio M, Markus MR, Mellström D, Miljkovic I, Mirel D, Nelson S, Morin Papunen L, Peeters PH, Prokopenko I, Raffel L, Reincke M, Reiner AP, Rexrode K, Rivadeneira F, Schwartz SM, Siscovick D, Soranzo N, Stöckl D, Tworoger S, Uitterlinden AG, van Gils CH, Vasan RS, Wichmann HE, Zhai G, Bhasin S, Bidlingmaier M, Chanock SJ, De Vivo I, Harris TB, Hunter DJ, Kähönen M, Liu S*,. McCarthy MI, Frayling TM, Murray A, Franks S, Järvelin MR, de Jong FH, Raitakari O, Teumer A, Ohlsson C, Murabito JM, Perry JR. A genome-wide association meta-analysis of circulating sex hormone-binding globulin reveals multiple Loci implicated in sex steroid hormone regulation. PLoS Genet 2012;8:e1002805. PMC3400553.
36. Chan KHK, Niu T, Ma Y, You NY, Song Y, Sobel E, Hsu YH, Balasubramanian R, Qiao Y, Tinker L, Liu S. Common genetic variants in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG) and type 2 diabetes risk among Women's Health Initiative Postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013;98:E600-4. PMC3590470
37. Song Y, You YC, Song Y, Kang MK, Hou L, Wallace R, Eaton CB, Tinker LF, and Liu S. Intake of Small-to-Medium Chain Saturated Fatty Acid Is Associated with Peripheral Leukocyte Telomere Length in Postmenopausal Women. J Nutrition 2013;143:907-14. PMC3652887
38. Goto A, Chen BH, Song Y, Cauley J, Cummings SR, Farhat GN, Gunter M, Van Horn L, Howard BV, Jackson R, Lee J, Rexrode KM, Liu S. Age, Body Mass, Usage of Exogenous Estrogen, and Lifestyle Factors in Relation to Circulating Sex Hormone- binding Globulin Concentrations in Postmenopausal Women. Clin Chem 2014;60:174- 85.
39. Mayers JR, Wu C, Clish CB, Kraft P, Torrence ME, Fiske BP, Yuan C, Bao Y, Townsend MK, Tworoger SS, Davidson SM, Papagiannakopoulos T, Yang A, Dayton TL, Ogino S, Stampfer MJ, Giovannucci EL, Qian ZR, Rubinson DA, Ma J, Sesso HD, Gaziano JM, Cochrane BB, Liu S, Wende, JW, Manson JE, Pollak MN, Kimmelman AC, Souza A, Pierce K, Wang TJ, Gerszten RE, Fuchs CS, Heiden MGV, Wolpin BM. Elevated circulating branched chain amino acids is an early event in pancreatic adenocarcinoma development. Nature Medicine 2014;20:1193-8. PMC4191991
40. Song Y*, Hauser R, Hu F, Liu S, Sun Q. Urinary concentrations of bisphenol a and phthalate metabolites and weight change: a prospective investigation in US women. Int J Obes (Lond) 2014;38:1532-7.
41. Song Y, Hevener AL, Ryckman, K, Lihong, LeBlanc ES, Kazlauskaite R, Brennan KM, Liu S. Birthweight, mediating biological intermediates and the development of type 2 diabetes later in life: a prospective study of multiethnic women. Diabetogolia 2015;58:1220-30.