Shemen afarsimon
The oil of persimmon or oil of balsam (Hebrew: שמן אפרסמון, [ˈʃemen ʔafarsimon]) is an oil that in some rabbinical sources is identified with the "precious ointment" of Psalm 133 in the Hebrew Bible. It is to be distinguished from the Holy anointing oil of the priests.
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basam in the Hebrew Bible
The Hebrew Bible does not mention persimmons, but in the Talmud and Midrash Hebrew term afarsimon may also stand for balsam which occurs once in the Hebrew Bible as Hebrew besami (בְּשָׂמִי) "my spice" (pronounced [bə.ɬaːˈmiː]) in Song of Songs 5:1, which is indirect evidence of the form basam (בָּשָׂם) (pronounced [baːˈɬaːm]).
afarsimon in the Talmud
The ancient Jewish community of Ein Gedi was known for its cultivation of the afarsimon. In modern Hebrew, the word afarsimon is translated as persimmon. However, some doubt that, although traditional among as food for Jewish New Year in the Diaspora, persimmons would not have been known to the peoples of the Bible. According to Adin Steinsaltz the Talmud afarsimon was considered very valuable, and worth its weight in gold. It is not known exactly what plant was used to produce the biblical oil. According to one theory, it is the plant Commiphora opobalsamum - a small shrub, 10 to 12 feet high, with wandlike, spreading branches. The oil extracted from the seeds or branches of this plant has been used as a medicine, but more commonly as incense or perfumed oil.
The April 1988 find of a jug of oil near Qumran
In April 1988, archeologists working with the former Baptist minister Vendyl Jones discovered a small jug of oil in the Qumran region that Jones announced was the oil used in the Temple. The find was announced by the New York Times on February 15, 1989, and a feature article was published in National Geographic Magazine in October of that year. After testing by the Pharmaceutical Department of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, the substance inside the juglet was claimed by Jones to be the shemen afarsimon hinted at in Psalm 133. According to Jones, it was the first artifact discovered from the First Temple Period, and one of the treasures listed in the Copper Scroll. However, this identification remains controversial.