Romania competed at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, Australia and Stockholm, Sweden (equestrian events). 44 competitors, 33 men and 11 women, took part in 35 events in 10 sports.
Nicolae Linca — Boxing, Men's WelterweightLeon Rotman — Canoeing, Men's C1 1.000m Canadian SinglesLeon Rotman — Canoeing, Men's C1 10.000m Canadian SinglesAlexe Dumitru and Simion Ismailciuc — Canoeing, Men's C2 1.000m Canadian PairsȘtefan Petrescu — Shooting, Men's Rapid-Fire PistolMircea Dobrescu — Boxing, Men's FlyweightGheorghe Negrea — Boxing, Men's Light HeavyweightOlga Orban-Szabo — Fencing, Women's Foil IndividualConstantin Dumitrescu — Boxing, Men's Light WelterweightElena Leuşteanu — Gymnastics, Women's Floor ExercisesGheorghe Lichiardopol — Shooting, Men's Rapid-Fire PistolFrancisc Horvat — Wrestling, Men's Greco-Roman BantamweightElena Leuşteanu, Georgeta Hurmuzachi, Sonia Iovan, Emilia Vătăşoiu-Liţă, Elena Mărgărit-Niculescu, and Elena Săcălici — Gymnastics, Women's Team Combined ExercisesTwo fencers, both women, represented Romania in 1956.
Women's foilOlga Orban-SzaboEcaterina Orb-LazărThree male pentathletes represented Romania in 1956.
IndividualCornel VenaDumitru ȚinteaVictor TeodorescuTeamCornel VenaDumitru ŢinteaVictor TeodorescuFour shooters represented Romania in 1956. In the 25 m pistol event Ștefan Petrescu won gold and Gheorghe Lichiardopol won bronze.
25 m pistolȘtefan PetrescuGheorghe Lichiardopol300 m rifle, three positionsConstantin Antonescu50 m rifle, three positionsIosif SîrbuConstantin Antonescu50 m rifle, proneIosif SîrbuConstantin Antonescu 
