Kingdom Animalia Class Insecta Suborder Glossata Rank Genus | Phylum Arthropoda Order Lepidoptera Infraorder Heteroneura | |
Similar Redonda bordoni, Pronophilina, Eretris | ||
Redonda is a butterfly genus from the subfamily Satyrinae in the family Nymphalidae. The genus is endemic from the Páramos in the Cordillera de Mérida in Venezuela, in northern South America. There are 10 known species, which are separated in distinct mountain ranges. Most species show some degree of sexual dimorphism in wingsize, in the most extreme cases females show some degree of wing deformation which might point to incipient brachyptery.
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Taxonomy and nomenclature
The genus was described by Adams & Bernard in 1981 based on wing venation, male genitalia, wing color pattern and ecological characteristics of the type species Pedaliodes empetrus originally described by german entomologist Theodor Otto Thieme in 1905. These authors considered the genus to be monobasic, but recognized two subspecies, and suggested a close relationship with two other endemic genera in isolated mountain ranges.
Another species was described 20 years later, Redonda bordoni, from the southwest corner of the cordillera de Mérida in Táchira. Other taxa were already recognized, but there were evident gaps in distribution and ecological data and no formal description was attempted until 2015. There are 10 currently recognized and described species:
Systematics and biogeography
The high species diversity of the Pronophilina subtribe has inspired different theories about speciation and diversification processes. Páramo-dwellers might represent ancient or relictual taxa from open low-land biomes that were isolated by the up-lifting of the andes, or they might be the result of recent radiation due to specialization and isolation.
Preliminary analysis suggest that the genus is monophyletic, and the speciation sequence seems to correspond to the sequence of up-lifting and separation of the páramo biome in recent geological times.
Conservation
R. bordoni is listed as endangered in Venezuela's Red Book of Fauna.