Publius Mucius Scaevola

Family

Publius belonged to the Gens Mucia, a Patrician family of Rome, of which the Scaevola were the main branch. Several Scaevola appear in Roman magistracies before the appearance of Publius Mucius, including a certain Publius Mucius Scaevola who served as a tribune of the plebs in 486 BC and a Publius Mutius Scaevola, who while not of the same branch clearly belongs to the Scaevola clan, who held the Tribunate of the Soldiers in the same year, suggesting the Scaevola family was an entrenched Republican family of senatorial class from at least 486 BC. In legend the Scaevolas draw their name from a Gaius Mucius Scaevola of 508 BC who supposedly attempted to assassinate the Etruscan king of Clusium, Lars Porsena and upon killing his secretary due to a mix up in interpreting Etruscan dress, thrust his arm into a brazier and declared that 300 young men like him would come for Porsena, leading to the king's withdrawal out of fear for his personal safety.

Publius Mucius Scaevola had a father of the same name, who was consul in 175 BC with Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. Scaevola proceeded as consul following his younger brother Publius Licinius Crassus Dives Mucianus’s death. Mucianus was elected consul alongside with high priest Lucius Valerius Flaccus in the year 131 BC, after previously serving as Pontifex Maximus in 132 BC.

Scaevola was also the father of Quintus Mucius Scaevola who was a consul in 95 BC. He was responsible for the Lex Licinia Mucia, which sent false citizen-claiming Italians resident at Rome back to their own towns.

Tribune of the Plebs 141 BC

Publius Mucius Scaevola served as tribune of the plebs in 141 BC. The consuls of this year were Cnaeus Servilius Caepio and Quintus Pompeius. Not much is known of Scaevola’s actions during his year as tribune. Most significant in the historical record is his carrying of a plebiscite which placed Hostilius Tubulus under trial for accepting bribes during his year as praetor in 142 BC.

Praetor 136 BC

Scaevola was elected as praetor in 136 BC. Lucius Furius Philus and Sextus Atilius Serranus were consuls during this year. During his year as a praetor Scaevola argued vehemently against the citizenship rights of Mancinus, who had demonstrated cowardice the previous year during a campaign in the Numantine War and had subsequently been surrendered to the Numantines as punishment, but had been rejected.

Rome during Scaevola’s Consulship

Publius was elected consul in a pivotal point in Roman history. The Punic wars had ended only 13 years beforehand and Rome now controlled many new territories around the Mediterranean through military expeditions such as Scipio Aemilianus’ conquest on Numantia in modern day Spain, as well as the annexation of Asia Minor. Upon the death of Attallus III of Pergamum in 133 BC Rome was granted the land belonging to Attallus in his will. However, an Attalid pretender called Eumenes III tried to retain the lands. In 130 BC he defeated Scaevola’s brother and then consul Publius Licinius Crassus Dives Mucianus, killing him. Later, Scaevola’s son Quintus Mucius Scaevola engaged in more fighting in the region, though not of clear nature, receiving a proconsular command in 121 BC. This rapid expansionism caused internal unrest that eventually lead to the First Servile war in Sicily two years earlier in 135 BC. Publius Mucius Scaevola’s fellow consul Lucius Calpernius Piso led armies in 133 BC against the slave revolt on the island of Sicily. This revolt was led by a man named Eunus, a semi prophetic military leader who managed to win several small scale engagements against larger Roman forces. Piso managed to suppress this long running revolt though Scaevola had little involvement in this military affair and therefore shared little of the popularity and prestige it incurred. At some point during this period both Piso and Scaevola were absent from the city of Rome, meaning the senate was presided over by the urban praetor.

Lex Sempronia Agraria

Before Tiberius Gracchus drew up the highly significant Lex Agraria, he consulted with the preeminent citizens of the day, including Publius Mucius Scaevola, who was consul at the time. Plutarch describes Publius Mucius as a jurist, foremost in virtue and reputation. Following his consultation with Publius Mucius, among others, Tiberius Gracchus drew up a law that was more lenient towards those occupying public lands than expected.

Jury (Gracchus vs. Scipio)

When conflict between Tiberius Gracchus and his opponents came to a head, Publius Mucius Scaevola publicly refused to support Scipio Nasica’s attempt to depose Tiberius Gracchus. But following Tiberius’ death he tried to restore stability to the Senate, by retrospectively approving the violent events he had previously refused to support. Twentieth century historians have debated whether this about-face demonstrates a man of integrity standing above the factional squabbles in order to secure stability in precarious circumstances, or the propensity to change his factional allegiance at the drop of a hat. For example, in 1965 Erich S. Gruen depicted Publius Mucius Scaevola as a man constantly changing factional allegiance -- describing him as a successful but unprincipled politician. In contrast, Wiseman, Bernstein and Badian all argued in the early 1970s for a more favourable assessment of Scaevola as a man of independence and integrity.

Pontifex Maximus 130-115 BC

Publius Mucius Scaevola became Pontifex Maximus in 130 BC, after his brother, Publius Licinius Crassus Dives Mucianus, was killed in battle while fighting in the kingdom of Pergamum. His most notable contribution during this period regards the publishing of the final Annales Maximi. The Annales Maximi were annals maintained by the Pontifex Maximus, dating back to 400 BC. The Pontifex Maximus, the highest ranking priest in the Roman Republic, was responsible for recording the names of the magistrates of each year, as well as significant events. The annals ceased being written in the 130s BC, and Publius Mucius Scaevola reportedly published the complete record in the capacity of his role as Pontifex Maximus.

Death

According to historian David Stockton, the exact year of Publius Mucius Scaevola’s death is unknown. Later juristic writers indicate he was still alive in 121 BC, but he must have died some time before 114 BC, when a different chief pontiff presided over the first trial of the Vestal Virgins.