Kalpana Kalpana (Editor)

Projection (relational algebra)

Updated on
Edit
Like
Comment
Share on FacebookTweet on TwitterShare on LinkedInShare on Reddit

In relational algebra, a projection is a unary operation written as Π a 1 , . . . , a n ( R ) where a 1 , . . . , a n is a set of attribute names. The result of such projection is defined as the set obtained when the components of the tuple R are restricted to the set { a 1 , . . . , a n } – it discards (or excludes) the other attributes.

Contents

In practical terms, it can be roughly thought of as picking a subset of all available columns. For example, if the attributes are (name, age), then projection of the relation {(Alice, 5), (Bob, 8)} onto attribute list (age) yields {5,8} – we have discarded the names, and only know what ages are present.

In addition, projection can be used to modify an attribute's value: if relation R has attributes a, b, and c, and b is a number, then Π a ,   b ∗ 0.5 ,   c ( R ) will return a relation nearly the same as R, but with all values for 'b' shrunk by half.

The closely related concept in set theory (see: projection (set theory)) differs from that of relational algebra in that, in set theory, one projects onto ordered components, not onto attributes. For instance, projecting ( 3 , 7 ) onto the second component yields 7.

Projection is relational algebra's counterpart of existential quantification in predicate logic. The attributes not included correspond to existentially quantified variables in the predicate whose extension the operand relation represents. The example below illustrates this point.

Because of the correspondence with existential quantification, some authorities prefer to define projection in terms of the excluded attributes. In a computer language it is of course possible to provide notations for both, and that was done in ISBL and several languages that have taken their cue from ISBL.

A nearly identical concept occurs in the category of monoids, called a string projection, which consists of removing all of the letters in the string that do not belong to a given alphabet.

Example

For an example, consider the relations depicted in the following two tables which are the relation P e r s o n and its projection on (some say "over") the attributes A g e and W e i g h t :

Suppose the predicate of Person is "Name is age years old and weighs weight." Then the given projection represents the predicate, "There exists Name such that Name is age years old and weighs weight."

Note that Harry and Peter have the same age and weight, but since the result is a relation, and therefore a set, this combination only appears once in the result.

More formally the semantics of projection are defined as follows:

Π a 1 , . . . , a n ( R ) = {   t [ a 1 , . . . , a n ] :   t ∈ R   }

where t [ a 1 , . . . , a n ] is the restriction of the tuple t to the set { a 1 , . . . , a n } so that

t [ a 1 , . . . , a n ] = {   ( a ′ , v )   |   ( a ′ , v ) ∈ t ,   a ′ ∈ a 1 , . . . , a n   }

The result of a projection Π a 1 , . . . , a n ( R ) is defined only if { a 1 , . . . , a n } is a subset of the header of R .

It is interesting to note that projection over no attributes at all is possible, yielding a relation of degree zero. In this case the cardinality of the result is zero if the operand is empty, otherwise one. The two relations of degree zero are the only ones that cannot be depicted as tables.

References

Projection (relational algebra) Wikipedia
(Text) CC BY-SA