Penis reduction or penis reduction surgery refers to efforts or an assortment of techniques intended to decrease the girth or length of the human penis, especially when erect. The motive behind such a procedure can range from complications such as macropenis, genital lymphedema, or sex reassignment. It may also be motivated by the shape or size of the extant penis being unviable for intercourse and the associated social liabilities of having macrophallic penile dimensions. The causes for a penis being too large can range from sickle cell disease to priapism. The age range of individuals who have undergone treatment or are purported to have cogitated it vary including a 17 year old, a 52 year old and a 20 year old. The procedure may involve the removal of tissue beneath the skin of the penis, amelioration through simple excision procedures, or antihypertensive medication. Such procedures have been considered by men with partners who have complained about discomfort of thrusts against the cervix, as well as those seeking additional stimulation of the clitoris. In some ancient periods of history, the diminution of penile size was a desired appearance aesthetically, including those observable in surviving works of art, due to an association with unpretentiousness, reticence and timidity.