Type Abjad Direction Right-to-left | Time period 100 BCE to 300 CE | |
 | ||
Languages Palmyrene dialect of Aramaic Parent systems Proto-Sinaitic alphabet
Phoenician alphabet
Aramaic alphabet
Palmyrene Sister systems Ammonite
Brāhmī (?)
Edessan
Elymaic
Hatran
Hebrew
Mandaic
Nabataean
Pahlavi
Parthian | ||
Palmyrene was a historical Semitic alphabet used to write the local Palmyrene dialect of Aramaic. It was used between 100 BCE and 300 CE in Palmyra in the Syrian desert. The oldest surviving Palmyrene inscription dates to 44 BCE. The last surviving inscription dates to 274 CE, two years after Palmyra was sacked by Roman Emperor Aurelian, ending the Palmyrene Empire. Use of the Palmyrene language and script declined, being replaced with Greek and Latin.
Contents
Palmyrene was derived from cursive versions of the Aramaic alphabet and shares many of its characteristics:
Palmyrene was normally written without spaces or punctuation between words and sentences (scriptio continua style).
Two forms of Palmyrene were developed: The rounded, cursive form derived from the Aramaic alphabet and later a decorative, monumental form developed from the cursive Palmyrene. Both the cursive and monumental forms commonly used typographic ligatures.
Numbers
Palmyrene used a non-decimal system which built up numbers using combinations of their symbols for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, and 20. It is similar to the system used for Aramaic which built numbers using their symbols for 1, 2, 3, 10, 20, 100, 1000, and 10000.
Letters
There are some styles in which the 'r'-letter (resh) is the same as the 'd'-letter (dalesh) with a dot on top, but there are styles in which the two letters are visually distinct. Ligation after b, ḥ, m, n, and q before some other consonants was common in some inscriptions but was not obligatory. There are also two fleurons (left-sided and right-sided) that tend to appear near numbers.
Decipherment
Examples of Palmyrene inscriptions were printed as far back as 1616 but accurate copies of Palmyrene/Greek bilingual inscriptions were not available until 1756. The Palmyrene alphabet was deciphered in the 1750s, literally overnight, by Abbé Jean-Jacques Barthélemy using these new, accurate copies of bilingual inscriptions.
Unicode
Palmyrene was added to the Unicode Standard in June, 2014 with the release of version 7.0.
The Unicode block for Palmyrene is U+10860–U+1087F: