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Peppsi gummy cola
PEPPSI is an abbreviation for pyridine-enhanced precatalyst preparation stabilization and initiation. It refers to a group of palladium catalysts developed around 2005 by Prof. Michael G. Organ and co-workers at York University, which can accelerate various aminations and cross-coupling reactions. In comparison to many alternative palladium catalysts, PEPPSI-type complexes are stable to air and moisture and are relatively easy to synthesize and handle.
Contents
Structure and synthesis
In the basic structure of PEPPSI, R can be a methyl (CH3, Me), ethyl (C2H5, Et), isopropyl (C3H7, iPr), isopentyl (C5H11, iPent), or isoheptyl (C7H15, iHept) group, and the resulting catalysts are thus labeled as PEPPSI-IMes, PEPPSI-IEt, PEPPSI-IPr, PEPPSI-IPent, and PEPPSI-IHept respectively, with or without "Pd-" added in front. Contrary to common palladium-based catalysts, such as tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0), PEPPSI is stable to exposure to air and moisture. Even heating in dimethyl sulfoxide at 120 °C for hours does not result in significant decomposition or neutralization of PEPPSI catalysts.
The synthesis and structure of PEPPSI catalysts were presented in 2005 and published in 2006. PEPPSI catalysts are based on an organometallic complex palladium N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC). They can be obtained by reacting imidazolium salt, palladium(II) chloride, and potassium carbonate in a 3-chloropyridine solvent, under vigorous stirring at 80 °C for 16 hours in air. The yield of PEPPSI in this reaction is 97–98%.
Properties and applications
PEPPSI can catalyze various cross-coupling reactions including Negishi coupling, Suzuki coupling, Kumada coupling, and the Buchwald–Hartwig amination as well as the Heck reaction. In Negishi coupling, it promotes reaction of alkyl halides, aryl halides or alkyl sulfonates with alkylzinc halides, and the important advantage of PEPPSI over alternative catalysts is that the reaction can be carried out in a general chemical laboratory, without a glove box. PEPPSI contains palladium in the +2 oxidation state and is thus a "precatalyst", that is the metal must be reduced to the active Pd(0) form in order to enter the cross-coupling catalytic cycle. This is usually achieved in situ in the presence of active transmetalating agents such as organo-magnesium, -zinc, -tin, or -boron reagents. Once activated, the NHC-Pd(0) species becomes rather air-sensitive.
