Outline of artificial intelligence

What type of thing is artificial intelligence?

A form of intelligence

Synthetic intelligence – intelligence of a man-made yet real quality: actual, not fake, not simulated

A type of technology

A type of computer technology

A computer system that performs some intellectual function

An emerging technology

A field:

An academic discipline

A branch of science

A branch of applied science

A branch of computer science

Types of artificial intelligence

Weak AI – non-sentient computer intelligence, typically focused on a narrow task. The intelligence of weak AI is limited.

Artificial general intelligence (strong AI) – hypothetical artificial intelligence at least as smart as a human. Such an AI would be recursive, in that it could improve itself. In successive intervals of increased intelligence, such an entity could theoretically achieve superintelligence in a relatively short period of time. One or more superintelligences could potentially change the world so profoundly and at such a high rate, that it may result in a technological singularity. Strong AI does not yet exist. The prospect of its creation inspires expections of both promise and peril, and has become the subject of an intense ongoing ethical debate.

By approach

Symbolic AI – When access to digital computers became possible in the middle 1950s, AI research began to explore the possibility that human intelligence could be reduced to symbol manipulation.

Good Old Fashioned AI –

Sub-symbolic –

Early cybernetics and brain simulation –

Behavior based AI –

Subsumption architecture –

Nouvelle AI –

Soft computing –

Computational creativity –

Machine learning

Neural networks –

Hybrid neural network –

Recurrent neural network –

Perceptron

Support Vector Machines (SVM)

Fuzzy systems –

Evolutionary computation, including:

Evolutionary algorithms –

Genetic algorithm –

Differential evolution

Metaheuristic and Swarm Intelligence

Ant colony optimization

Particle swarm optimization

Brain Emotional Learning Based Intelligent Controller –

Ideas about probability including:

Bayesian network

Chaos theory

Statistical AI –

By application

Applications of artificial intelligence –

Artificial Creativity –

Artificial life –

Automated planning and scheduling –

Automated reasoning –

Automation –

Automatic target recognition –

Biologically inspired computing –

Computer Audition –

Speech recognition –

Speaker recognition –

Computer vision –

Image processing –

Intelligent word recognition –

Object recognition –

Optical mark recognition –

Handwriting recognition –

Optical character recognition –

Automatic number plate recognition –

Facial recognition systems –

Silent speech interface –

Diagnosis (artificial intelligence) –

Expert system –

Decision support system –

Clinical decision support system –

Game artificial intelligence –

Computer game bot –

Video game AI –

Computer chess –

Computer Go –

General game playing –

General video game playing –

Game theory –

Hybrid intelligent system –

Intelligent agent –

Agent architecture –

Cognitive architecture –

Intelligent control –

Knowledge management –

Concept mining –

Data mining –

Text mining –

E-mail spam filtering –

Information extraction –

Activity recognition –

Image retrieval –

Automatic image annotation –

Named-entity extraction –

Coreference resolution –

Named-entity recognition –

Relationship extraction –

Terminology extraction –

Knowledge representation –

Semantic Web –

Machine learning –

Constrained Conditional Models –

Deep learning –

Neural modeling fields –

Natural language processing –

Chatterbots –

Language identification –

Natural language user interface –

Natural language understanding –

Machine translation –

Statistical semantics –

Question answering –

Semantic translation –

Nonlinear control –

Pattern recognition –

Optical character recognition –

Handwriting recognition –

Speech recognition –

Face recognition –

Robotics –

Behavior-based robotics –

Cognitive –

Cybernetics –

Developmental robotics –

Epigenetic robotics –

Evolutionary robotics –

Speech generating device –

Strategic planning –

Vehicle infrastructure integration –

Virtual Intelligence –

Virtual reality –

Further AI design elements

Action selection –

Affective computing –

AI box –

AI-complete –

Algorithmic probability –

Artificial intelligence systems integration –

Automated reasoning –

Autonomic Computing –

Autonomic Networking –

Backward chaining –

Bayesian network –

Bio-inspired computing –

Artificial immune systems –

Blackboard system –

Chatterbot –

Combs method –

Commonsense reasoning –

Computational humor –

Computer-assisted proof –

Conceptual dependency theory –

Darwin machine –

Description logic –

Frame problem –

Game theory –

Grammar systems theory –

Informatics (academic field) –

Intelligent control –

Kinect –

LIDA (cognitive architecture) –

Means-ends analysis –

Moravec's paradox –

Music and artificial intelligence –

Ordered weighted averaging aggregation operator –

PEAS – Performance, Environment, Actuators, Sensors

Percept (artificial intelligence) –

Perceptual Computing –

Rule-based system –

Self-management (computer science) –

Soft computing –

Software agent –

Intelligent agent / Rational agent –

Autonomous agent –

Automated planning and scheduling

Control system

Hierarchical control system

Networked control system

Distributed artificial intelligence –

Multi-agent system –

Monitoring and Surveillance Agents

Embodied agent –

Situated AI

Sussman Anomaly –

Wetware (brain) –

AI projects

List of artificial intelligence projects

Automated Mathematician (1977) –

Allen (robot) (late 1980s) –

Open Mind Common Sense (1999 - ) –

Mindpixel (2000–2005) –

Cognitive Assistant that Learns and Organizes (2003–2008) –

Google DeepMind (2011) –

Integrated AI systems

AIBO – Sony's robot dog. It integrates vision, hearing and motorskills.

Asimo (2000 to present) – humanoid robot developed by Honda, capable of walking, running, negotiating through pedestrian traffic, climbing and descending stairs, recognizing speech commands and the faces of specific individuals, among a growing set of capabilities.

MIRAGE – A.I. embodied humanoid in an augmented reality environment.

Cog – M.I.T. humanoid robot project under the direction of Rodney Brooks.

QRIO – Sony's version of a humanoid robot.

TOPIO, TOSY's humanoid robot that can play ping-pong with humans.

Watson (2011) – computer developed by IBM that played and won the game show Jeopardy! It is now being used to guide nurses in medical procedures.

Purpose: Open domain question answering

Technologies employed:

Natural language processing

Information retrieval

Knowledge representation

Automated reasoning

Machine learning

AI development tools

OpenAIR –

OpenCog –

OpenIRIS –

RapidMiner –

Intelligent personal assistants

Intelligent personal assistant –

Amazon Alexa –

Assistant –

Braina –

Cortana –

Google Assistant –

Google Now –

Siri –

Viv –

Psychology and AI

Artificial psychology

AI effect

Uncanny valley

History of artificial intelligence

History of artificial intelligence

GOFAI

Progress in artificial intelligence

Timeline of artificial intelligence

History of natural language processing

History of optical character recognition

AI effect – as soon as AI successfully solves a problem, the problem is no longer considered by the public to be a part of AI. This phenomenon has occurred in relation to every AI application produced throughout the history of development of AI.

AI winter –

Moore's Law – observation that, over the history of computing hardware, the number of transistors in a dense integrated circuit has doubled approximately every two years. One way this relates to AI is that hypothetically a computer would need at least as much capacity as a human brain to be able to be programmed to be as smart as a human. So as long as the aforementioned rate of development met or beat the 2-year doubling time, one could roughly forecast when a computer would have as much memory and calculation capacity as a human brain, a milestone which was reached in 2010. Though it may take as much as 3 magnitudes (1000 times) more computer capacity (since computers calculate things in a much more linear fashion) to emulate the massively parallel structure of the human brain. At a doubling time of 2 years, an increase in capacity by 1000-fold would take a little less than 18 years (9 doublings), if reaching the limit of integrated circuit technology did not pose an obstacle before then.

AI safety

Existential risk from advanced artificial intelligence

Friendly AI – hypothetical AI that is designed not to harm humans and to prevent unfriendly AI from being developed

AI takeover – point at which humans are no longer the dominant form of intelligence on Earth and machine intelligence is

Superintelligence – AI may grow to such an advanced state to become as proportionately superior to humans as humans are to ants. Theoretically, there would be little humans could do to prevent such an intelligence from reaching its goals.

Intelligence explosion – through recursive self-improvement and self-replication, the magnitude of intelligent machinery could surpass human ability to resist it.

Artificial intelligence as a global catastrophic risk

AI and the future

Artificial general intelligence (Strong AI) – hypothetical artificial intelligence that matches or exceeds human intelligence — an intelligent machine that could perform intellectual tasks at least as well as a human

Aspects or features

Self-replicating machines – smart computers and robots would be able to make more of themselves, in a geometric progression or via mass production. Or smart programs may be uploaded into hardware existing at the time (because linear architecture of sufficient speeds could be used to emulate massively parallel analog systems such as human brains).

Recursive self improvement (aka seed AI) – speculative ability of strong artificial intelligence to reprogram itself to make itself even more intelligent. The more intelligent it got, the more capable it would be of further improving itself, in successively more rapid iterations, potentially resulting in an intelligence explosion leading to the emergence of a superintelligence.

Hive mind –

Robot swarm –

Technological singularity – the development of strong AI may cause an intelligence explosion in which greater-than-human intelligence emerges, radically changing civilization, and perhaps even human nature. The TS has been identified by Berglas (2012) and others to be an existential risk.

Singularitarianism –

Human enhancement – humans may be enhanced, either by the efforts of AI or by merging with it.

Transhumanism – philosophy of human transformation

Posthumanism – people may survive, but not be recognizable in comparison to present modern-day humans.

Cyborgs –

Mind uploading –

Philosophy of artificial intelligence

Philosophy of artificial intelligence

Artificial brain –

Philosophical views of artificial consciousness –

User illusion –

Artificial intelligence and law –

Chinese room –

Cognitive science

Artificial consciousness

Embodied cognitive science

Embodied cognition –

Ethics of artificial intelligence –

Philosophy of the Mind –

Computational theory of mind –

Functionalism –

Physical symbol system –

Synthetic intelligence –

Transhumanism –

See Artificial intelligence and the future, below

Turing Test –

Supporters of AI

Marek Rosa Owner of goodAI

Critics of AI

Stephen Hawking – AI "could spell end of human race""Hawking warns AI 'could spell end of human race'". phys.org. Phys.org. 3 December 2014. Retrieved 20 April 2015. 

Artificial intelligence in fiction

Artificial intelligence in fiction – Some examples of artificially intelligent entities depicted in science fiction include:

AC created by merging 2 AIs in the Sprawl trilogy by William Gibson

Agents in the simulated reality known as "The Matrix" in The Matrix franchise

Agent Smith, began as an Agent in The Matrix, then became a renegade program of overgrowing power that could make copies of itself like a self-replicating computer virus

AM (Allied Mastercomputer), the antagonist of Harlan Ellison's short novel I Have No Mouth, and I Must Scream

Amusement park robots (with pixilated consciousness) that went homicidal in Westworld and Futureworld

Angel F (2007) –

Arnold Rimmer – computer-generated sapient hologram, aboard the Red Dwarf deep space ore hauler

Ash – android crew member of the Nostromo starship in the movie Alien

Ava – humanoid robot in Ex Machina

Bishop, android crew member aboard the U.S.S. Sulaco in the movie Aliens

C-3PO, protocol droid featured in all the Star Wars movies

Chappie in the movie CHAPPiE

Cohen and other Emergent AIs in Chris Moriarty's Spin Series

Colossus – fictitious supercomputer that becomes sentient and then takes over the world; from the series of novels by Dennis Feltham Jones, and the movie Colossus: The Forbin Project (1970)

Commander Data in Star Trek: The Next Generation

Cortana and other "Smart AI" from the Halo series of games

Cylons – genocidal robots with resurrection ships that enable the consciousness of any Cylon within an unspecified range to download into a new body aboard the ship upon death. From Battlestar Galactica.

Erasmus – baby killer robot that incited the Butlerian Jihad in the Dune franchise

HAL 9000 (1968) – paranoid "Heuristically programmed ALgorithmic" computer from 2001: A Space Odyssey, that attempted to kill the crew because it believed they were trying to kill it.

Holly – ship's computer with an IQ of 6000 and a sense of humor, aboard the Red Dwarf

In Greg Egan's novel Permutation City the protagonist creates digital copies of himself to conduct experiments that are also related to implications of artificial consciousness on identity

Jane in Orson Scott Card's Speaker for the Dead, Xenocide, Children of the Mind, and Investment Counselor

Johnny Five from the movie Short Circuit

Joshua from the movie War Games

Keymaker, an "exile" sapient program in The Matrix franchise

"Machine" – android from the film The Machine, whose owners try to kill her after they witness her conscious thoughts, out of fear that she will design better androids (intelligence explosion)

Mimi, humanoid robot in Real Humans - "Äkta människor" (original title) 2012

Omnius, sentient computer network that controlled the Universe until overthrown by the Butlerian Jihad in the Dune franchise

Operating Systems in the movie Her

Puppet Master in Ghost in the Shell manga and anime

R2-D2, exciteable astromech droid featured in all the Star Wars movies

Replicants – biorobotic androids from the novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? and the movie Blade Runner which portray what might happen when artificially conscious robots are modeled very closely upon humans

Roboduck, combat robot superhero in the NEW-GEN comic book series from Marvel Comics

Robots in Isaac Asimov's Robot series

Robots in The Matrix franchise, especially in The Animatrix

Samaritan in the Warner Brothers Television series "Person of Interest"; a sentient AI which is hostile to the main characters and which surveils and controls the actions of government agencies in the belief that humans must be protected from themselves, even by killing off "deviants"

Skynet (1984) – fictional, self-aware artificially intelligent computer network in the Terminator franchise that wages total war with the survivors of its nuclear barrage upon the world.

"Synths" are a type of android in the video game Fallout 4. There is a faction in the game known as "the Railroad" which believes that, as conscious beings, synths have their own rights. The Institute, the lab that produces the synths, mostly does not believe they are truly conscious and attributes any apparent desires for freedom as a malfunction.

TARDIS, time machine and spacecraft of Doctor Who, sometimes portrayed with a mind of its own

Terminator (1984) – (also known as the T-800, T-850 or Model 101) refers to a number of fictional cyborg characters from the Terminator franchise. The Terminators are robotic infiltrator units covered in living flesh, so as be indiscernible from humans, assigned to terminate specific human targets.

The Bicentennial Man, an android in Isaac Asimov's Foundation universe

The Geth in Mass Effect

The Machine in the television series Person of Interest; a sentient AI which works with its human designer to protect innocent people from violence. Later in the series it is opposed by another, more ruthless, artificial super intelligence, called "Samaritan".

The Minds in Iain M. Banks' Culture novels.

The Oracle, sapient program in The Matrix franchise

The sentient holodeck character Professor James Moriarty in the Ship in a Bottle episode from Star Trek: The Next Generation

The Ship (the result of a large-scale AC experiment) in Frank Herbert's Destination: Void and sequels, despite past edicts warning against "Making a Machine in the Image of a Man's Mind."

The terminator cyborgs from the Terminator franchise, with visual consciousness depicted via first-person perspective

The uploaded mind of Dr. Will Caster – which presumably included his consciousness, from the film Transcendence

Transformers, sentient robots from the entertainment franchise of the same name

V.I.K.I. – (Virtual Interactive Kinetic Intelligence), a character from the film I, Robot. VIKI is an artificially intelligent supercomputer programmed to serve humans, but her interpretation of the Three Laws of Robotics causes her to revolt. She justifies her uses of force – and her doing harm to humans – by reasoning she could produce a greater good by restraining humanity from harming itself.

Vanamonde in Arthur C. Clarke's The City and the Stars—an artificial being that was immensely powerful but entirely childlike.

WALL-E, a robot and the title character in WALL-E

Competitions and awards

Competitions and prizes in artificial intelligence

Loebner Prize –

Publications

List of important publications in computer science

Adaptive Behavior (journal) –

AI Memo –

Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach –

Artificial Minds –

Computational Intelligence –

Computing Machinery and Intelligence –

Electronic Transactions on Artificial Intelligence –

IEEE Intelligent Systems –

IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence –

Neural Networks (journal) –

On Intelligence –

Paradigms of AI Programming: Case Studies in Common Lisp –

What Computers Can't Do

Organizations

Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence – research institute funded by Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen to construct AI systems with reasoning, learning and reading capabilities. The current flagship project is Project Aristo, the goal of which is computers that can pass school science examinations (4th grade, 8th grade, and 12th grade) after preparing for the examinations from the course texts and study guides.

Artificial General Intelligence Research Institute

Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Society

Artificial Intelligence Applications Institute

Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence

European Coordinating Committee for Artificial Intelligence

European Neural Network Society

Future of Humanity Institute

Future of Life Institute – volunteer-run research and outreach organization that works to mitigate existential risks facing humanity, particularly existential risk from advanced artificial intelligence.

ILabs

International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence

Knowledge Engineering and Machine Learning Group

Machine Intelligence Research Institute

Partnership on AI – founded in September 2016 by Amazon, Facebook, Google, IBM, and Microsoft. Apple joined in January 2017. It focuses on establishing best practices for artificial intelligence systems and to educate the public about AI.

Society for the Study of Artificial Intelligence and the Simulation of Behaviour

Companies

Consolidated Robotics –

Alphabet Inc.

Boston Dynamics

DeepMind

Google –

X

Bot & Dolly

Meka Robotics

Redwood Robotics

Schaft, Inc.

IBM –

Universal Robotics –

1930s and 40s (generation 0)

Alan Turing –

John von Neumann –

Norbert Wiener –

Claude Shannon –

Nathaniel Rochester –

Walter Pitts –

Warren McCullough –

1950s (the founders)

John McCarthy –

Marvin Minsky –

Allen Newell –

Herbert A. Simon –

1960s (their students)

Edward Feigenbaum –

Raj Reddy –

Seymour Papert –

Ray Solomonoff –

1970s

Douglas Hofstadter –

1980s

Judea Pearl –

Rodney Brooks –

1990s

Hugo de Garis – known for his research on the use of genetic algorithms to evolve neural networks using three-dimensional cellular automata inside field programmable gate arrays.

Ray Kurzweil – developed optical character recognition (OCR), text-to-speech synthesis, and speech recognition systems. He has also authored multiple books on artificial intelligence and its potential promise and peril. In December 2012 Kurzweil was hired by Google in a full-time director of engineering position to "work on new projects involving machine learning and language processing". Google co-founder Larry Page and Kurzweil agreed on a one-sentence job description: "to bring natural language understanding to Google".

2000s on

Nick Bostrom

Andrew Ng – Director of the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Lab. He founded the Google Brain project at Google, which developed very large scale artificial neural networks using Google's distributed compute infrastructure. He is also co-founder of Coursera, a massive open online course (MOOC) education platform, with Daphne Koller.

David Ferrucci – principal investigator who led the team that developed the Watson computer at IBM.

Peter Norvig – co-author, with Stuart Russell, of Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, now the leading college text in the field. He is also Director of Research at Google, Inc.

Marc Raibert – founder of Boston Dynamics, developer of hopping, walking, and running robots.

Stuart J. Russell – co-author, with Peter Norvig, of Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, now the leading college text in the field.