Oldenburg is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Claes Oldenburg (born 1929), Swedish-American sculptor
Henry Oldenburg (c. 1619-1677), German diplomat and the first Secretary of the Royal Society
Ray Oldenburg (born 1932), American sociologist
Sergei Oldenburg (1863-1934), Russian ethnographer and politician
Wilbrand van Oldenburg (before 1180-1233), a bishop of Paderborn and of Utrecht