Oldenberg is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Claes Oldenberg (b. 1923), American sculptor
Henry Oldenburg (c. 1619-1677) German theologian, diplomat, natural philosopher, First Secretary of the Royal Society.
Hermann Oldenberg (1854–1920), German scholar of Indology (the study of the Indian subcontinent)
Lorenz Oldenberg (1863–1931), German entomologist