Native to Cameroon ISO 639-3 ken | Native speakers (65,000 cited 1992) Glottolog keny1279 | |
Language family Niger–Congo
Atlantic–Congo
Benue–Congo
Southern
Mamfe
Nyang |
The Nyang language (Kenyang, Banyang, Manyang) is the principal Southern Bantoid language of the Mamfe family. It is spoken by the populations of the Manyu and Meme departments of the Southwest Region of Cameroon. Nyang is one of the 286 languages of Cameroon, and is spoken by about 65,000 people. Not all speakers of Nyang are proficient in French and English (Cameroon's official languages), and the use of Nyang facilitates communication in the region. The language has two major dialects: Lower (or Central) Bayang and Upper Bayang. The number of Nyang speakers is falling, and it is primarily spoken in rural areas.
Contents
- People and languages
- Names
- Variations
- Tonal differences
- Dependent structure
- Independent structure
- Usage and meaning
- Figurative usage
- Euphemism
- Pejorative and meliorative meanings
- Morphology and lexicon
- Word formation
- Pronouns
- Homographs
- Homophones
- Days of the week
- Sports
- Colors
- Plural nouns
- Prefixes
- Gender
- Lexicon
- Syntax
- Comparison with English
- Verb tenses
- Sentence structure
- Coordinating conjunctions
- Possessive pronouns
- Adjectives
- Name controversy
- References
People and languages
The Nyang people are Bantus from Kanem Bornu. The Kanem Bornu Empire encompassed parts of present-day Chad and Nigeria, and Bantu languages are spoken in the region. Nyang means "Bantu son of Yang, who migrated from Kanem Bornu". Two thirds of Africa’s languages belong to the Niger-Congo phylum which stretches from the western tip of the continent at Dakar, east to Mombasa, and south to Cape Town. Most clans had migrated four or five times before recorded history began, and written records are scarce. Languages evolve during migration, and people in the Sudan Basin, Congo Basin and Chad Basin speak similar languages. Sudan Basin languages spoken in Cameroon are Manenguba, Duala, Bali, Bulu, Basaa, Kpwe, Ngemba, Aghem, Balondo and Mungaaka.
Names
Nyang is a shortened, derogatory form of Banyang. Manyaŋ, a singular term for Bayang, loosely identifies the entire linguistic group. Mɔ (singular) and Bɔ (plural) are adverbs denoting number in Mɔ Manyang (singular) and Bɔ Manyaŋ (plural). In that context Manyaŋ equals Mɔ Manyaŋ, and Bɔ Manyaŋ equals Bayang. The prefix Ba in Bayang means "son of" similarly to the "Mc" in "McDaniel". Other examples are Bakossi, Bakweri, Bassa, Bakundu, Balundu and Bafaw.
Villages were founded by an individual who identified himself with his clan (Boh, "the people of"). An example is Ntenako, which was founded by Chief Tanyi Mbi (who returned for the rest of his clan). The people of Ntenako are called boh (pronounced /Bɔ/ Tanyi Mbi), Ab initio, /mɔ/ (singular) Tanyi Mbi is "son of Tanyi Mbi". Bɔ is the plural of mɔ.
There were many sub-clans, each calling itself by the name of its leader while trying to maintain its relationship to the main clan by adding the prefix Ba. Followers of Yang called themselves Bayang (children of Yang). The words bɔ Manyaŋ denote an increase in number. With more migrations and contacts, the term evolved into Bayangue and Bayangi.
Variations
/Kebi/ and /kibi/ (faeces) are pronounced differently in Nyang, depending on dialect. The variation is pronounced in Upper and Lower Bayang, and slighter in Central Bayang.
Comparing Upper and Lower (or Central) Bayang, the foremost difference is that while Lower Bayang uses the combination gh (voiced velar stop /g/ and voiceless glottal fricative /h/) as a pharyngeal consonant, the Upper Bayang treats it as a velar stop. For example, "who is that?" is chi agharɛ nɔ in Lower Bayang (the g appears to be silent).
In Upper Bayang it is chi agharɛ nɔ, with an aspirated g. The major differences between Central and Upper Bayang are in writing and pronouncing affricate and fricative consonants. In Upper Bayang, combining the plosive /g/ and the glottal /h/ to /gh/ in a word like /chi agha/ or /agharɛ/ ("who?") gives /chiaga/garɛ/, silencing the /h/. In Central Bayang, the interrogative pronoun "who?" has equal strength (/harɛ/, with muted /g/). There is considerable use of affricate sounds /tʃ/ not used in English.
While Manyang (Manyaŋ) is a loose singular term for Bayang, it is a collective noun. Mɔ (singular) and Bɔ (plural) are adverbs denoting number (singular Mɔ Manyaŋ and plural Bɔ Manyaŋ). A word with double consonants (/bb/) has a distinct pause between the two consonants (for example, /bebbeb/ "AWOL").
Tonal differences
According to Mbuagbaw (1999), "It is fairly easy to find [Nyang] words where the only difference between them is the tone". For example, keh may have a rising or falling pitch. In Ane a rɔng nɔh ekati keh? ("Does s/he go to school too?") keh has a rising inflection, and in Yi abwɔng mɔh keh? ("Does she have a baby?") the inflection falls.
Dependent structure
Although the compound word eyʉ bhiti ("night whisper") is pejorative, eyʉ (whisper) is not. For example, emailing a forum moderator with a request to unsubscribe a third party would be eyʉ bhiti in Nyang.
Independent structure
In Nyang, certain words have ingrained meanings and others are context-dependent. For example, Mmú (dog) is self-evident; dogs are visible. However, "snow" (nfókópèppep, literally "white dust") requires a description.
Usage and meaning
A chief is specifically known as nfɔ, but /nfɔ/ is also used to denote title-holders or as a sign of respect (for example, the head of a family). However, "prince" in Nyang is mɔ nfɔ. According to Bauer, " ... the number of non-established derivatives met in normal text is likely to be extremely small, at well under one percent of attested derivatives".
Figurative usage
Euphemism
In asking for the hand of a girl in marriage, a man does not say "I want to marry your daughter"; instead, he uses euphemism. Rather than Ntwo bebhep awoh mɔje ndʉ nebhai ("I have come to ask the hand of your daughter in marriage"), he would say Ntwɔ be bhep mbakne wɔ nchɔŋ che mɔh nkɔk ye ntӑ mɔ wӑ ("I have come to ask you if you will give your chicken to my child"). The verb yɔŋ means "to insert" (or pierce) Ke ki ɔŋ yɔŋ yi amek means "Be careful not to pierce his eye". Dɔkghɔ yɔŋ eyenghe euphemistically means "go and have sex"; the literal translation is "go and fuck her".
Pejorative and meliorative meanings
Morphology and lexicon
Morphology is the branch of linguistics concerned with word forms of words” in various uses.
Word formation
In Nyang, words are formed in three ways:
Some forms of "goodbye" are:
Pronouns
There are six subject and possessive pronouns, used alone or as modified nouns:
Homographs
Homographs are extensively used in Nyang:
In the above examples, the noun's meaning derives from the verb.
In these cases, the word's stress determines its meaning.
In the examples above, the word's meaning is determined by syntax.
Homophones
Days of the week
The days of the week derived from what people do on a particular day, or village market days.
- Sunday: njyub bhe chɔkɔk chɔkɔh (the day to sit)
- Monday: nyuop betek bhe jue ebwɨ (the day to go to the bush and work)
- Tuesday: esieh Kembong (village name)
- Wednesday: esieh Ntenako (village name) or nyuop bhetek bhe koreh muet (week's work half done)
- Thursday: esieh Nfoh (or Nfuni; village name)
- Friday: esieh Nchang (village name)
- Saturday: esieh Nekok (or Ossing; village names)
Sports
Most sports words are English borrowings, with unique intonation:
Colors
There are few color words in Nyang:
Plural nouns
Prefixes
Mr. is widely used as a masculine term of address. "Mama" or "papa", followed by a person's first name, is also used. For example, Hillary Clinton would be "Mama Hillary". Women are also addressed by the name of their daughter. The equivalent of "Mrs." is ngɔreh.
Words for "having sex" are juŋ, soŋ, naigh, deb and kwet. "Erotic talk" is epusi.
In common usage, the third-person singular pronoun is replaced with Aa:
Standard usage is:
Gender
Gender is determined by sight. Pronouns in Nyang are not determined by the gender of nouns (similar to English). To form the plural of a subject pronoun, the speaker use both subject pronouns with the verb:
Lexicon
The word "mother" may be represented in two ways. In the beginning of the sentence, it is Mma:
At the end of the sentence, the word is Nno:
Questions are formed by intonation and the inflectional suffix eh. Plurals are formed by indicating the number (in some nouns).
Syntax
Nyang syntax is semantically useful:
A Nyang speaker will hear, "How can you eat meat that is not well cooked?"
Comparison with English
Nyang, like English, has sentences which paraphrase each other (as demonstrated by George Lakoff):
Verb tenses
In conjugating the future tense, Kenyang resembles Spanish in that a verb may be conjugated in at least two forms (with or without the personal pronoun); compare the Spanish yo voy a la playa or voy a la playa with Nyang:
"I will eat tomorrow" may be said in two ways:
With third-person pronouns, the future uses the personal pronoun:
Sentence structure
Nyang has four types of sentences: simple, compound, complex and compound complex.
- Simple sentence: Chi meh. (It is me.)
- Compound sentence: Agborramnabg a gheb mmen, ne ngoreh yi a gheb eyaghka. (Agbrorambang stole a goat, and his wife stole a yam.)
- Complex sentence: mbuneh meh ntwoh, me chongho cheh who nkap. (If I come, I will give you money.)
- Compound complex sentence: Bessem-Ebot a bhia nyaka nfortorh, ke a fu nyaka nebhia mpoko ne yie kem yi ne ngore tchack. (Bessem-Ebot married Nfortorh, but she divorced him when she caught him cheating.)
Coordinating conjunctions
Nyang has three primary coordinating conjunctions (neh, Keh and kepuh), forming the acronym Nekehke:
Teaching Nyang may be facilitated by using basic IPA characters instead of IPA extensions since all three groups of vowels (monophthongs, diphthongs, and triphthongs) and plosive, nasal, fricative, affricate and lateral sounds could be produced. The easiest way to learn Nyang is to learn the syntax, followed by vocabulary.
Possessive pronouns
The primary syntactic structure in Nyang is subject-verb-object, as in English:
Although Mbuagbaw (1998) acknowledges Nyang's primary SVO structure, the language also uses subject-verb-complement (SVC) syntax:
Adjectives
Like most African languages, Nyang expresses comparisons with a verb extension rather than by inflection (Heine & Nurse, 2000). In Nyang, the adjective may precede the noun:
or come after it:
Name controversy
The word "Bayangi" was coined by a misspelling, and it is considered derogatory by some. The plural in Nyang is denoted with the voiced bilabial /B/ and the fricative glottal h in combination: Bh. For example, Eyiŋ (thing); Bhe yeŋ (things).